Content deleted Content added
Quantplinus (talk | contribs) Revert false information Undid revision 1221179451 by Pierrevang3 (talk) |
Quantplinus (talk | contribs) Revert false information, revert removals of academic citations Undid revision 1221179211 by Pierrevang3 (talk) |
||
Line 58:
}}
'''Songkran''' is
* Brehm, W., [[Gita Steiner-Khamsi]], Yuto Kitamura, Shigeru Aoyagi, and [[Thongchai Winichakul]]. (2022). ''Memory in the Mekong: Regional Identity, Schools, and Politics in Southeast Asia''. New York: Teachers College Press, [[Columbia University]]. 200 pp. {{ISBN|978-080-7-76636-1}}. p. 88. "Thai and Tai people are alternately referred to, we can observe that another criterion for being Thai is “Thai culture and customs,” with an example of the celebration of Songkran Day."
</ref> in traditional [[new year]] for [[Buddhist calendar]] widely celebrated across South and Southeast Asia in [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]], parts of [[northeast India]], parts of [[Vietnam]] and [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture|Xishuangbanna]], [[China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opentimes.cn/Abstract/1223.html|title=制造传统 关于傣族泼水节及其相关新年话语的研究 |date=February 2010|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Open Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316090358/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20Buddhist%20World%20of%20Southeast%20Asia_Swearer.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 16, 2015|title=Donald K. Swearer The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia|website=Ahandfulofleaves.org|accessdate=7 January 2019}}</ref> begins on 13th April of the year.
== Etymology ==
The word
* [[John Gray (archdeacon of Hong Kong)|Gray, John Henry]]. (1879). "Chapter V.: SIAM", ''A Journey Round the World in the Years 1875-1876-1877''. LONDON: Harrison and Sons. 612 pp. p. 137. "This privilege is exercised by the people during the festivals, which are respectively termed the Chinese new year, the Siamese new year, and Songkran."
* United States Department of State. (1984). "Touring and Outdoor Activities", [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102338959 ''Thailand Post Report'']. Washington, D.C.: The U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 15. "Songkran (mid-April) is Thai New Year's Day. Young girls dressed in Thai national costumes go to the banks of river in colorful processions."
Line 69:
* [[Samuel J. Smith]]. (1871). "Article 75 Summary of News (Weekending Feb. 23rd, 1871.): SIAMESE KRUT", ''The Siam Repository: A Summary of Asiatic Intelligence, Vol. 3, No. 4. by Samuel J. Smith for the Year of Our Lord 1871''. Bangkok: S.J. Smith's Office. p. 225. "At the palace will be publicly announced the precise day of Songkrant, the Siamese astronomical new year day. It is said it will occur this year April 9th."
* The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ([[UNESCO]]). "SONGKRANT FESTIVAL IN THAILAND", ''Unesco Features: A Fortnightly Press Service'', 409(1963). p. 20. "Songkrant is very old and probably came to Thailand from Southern India, Songkrant (the accent is on the second syllable, the 't' is not pronounced) was a mythical character."
* The Siam Society Under Royal Patronage. "No. IV. The "Toa Songkrant". ตัวสงกรานต์", ''The Journal of the Siam Society'', Vol. 10., 1935. p. 63. "about the time of the Songkrant, that is March and April, for Songkrant in Siam falls on the 13th April."</ref> (outdated Thai form), is
* Taipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008). ''Teipei: 2008 Yearbook''. [臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp. {{ISBN|978-986-0-14421-5}}. p. 269. "(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., "Water Splashing Festival."
* Komlosy, A. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170814175634/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/7293/AnouskaKomlosyPhDThesis.pdf?sequence=3 ''Images Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna'']. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository. [https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293 'https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293']. p. 334. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year". pp. 334–335. "The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China."
Line 114:
* '''Waan-aah-tah''' (Mon)<ref>Diphadung, S., Usupharatana, P., and Damsa-aad, P. (1977). ''Encyclopedia of ethnic groups in Thailand: Mon''. [Research Report]. Bangkok: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia, Mahidol University. Mahidol University Repository: [https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/48615 'https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/48615']. p. 22.</ref>
===
Songkran in Sanskrit forms, written as '''Vishuva Sankranti''', which marked the beginning of the New Year in the Odisha calendar and referred to the sun on midday has equally orbited in the day and night, was found in [[Thailand]] at these locations;
* Stone Inscription of Prasat Hin Pimai 2<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/395 จารึกปราสาทหินพิมาย 2]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> (N.M.29, K.953) 1025 CE, [[Phimai Historical Park]], [[Nakhon Ratchasima province]], written as '''Sankranti'''.<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|9}} (Read and translated by Prof. Cham Thongkhamsuwan.)
* Stone Inscription of Wat Sa Kamphaeng Yai<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/511 จารึกวัดสระกำแพงใหญ่]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> (S.K.1, K.374) 1042 CE, [[Sisaket province]], written as '''Vishuva Sankranti'''.<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|9}} (Read and translated by Amphai Khamtho, the Fine Art Department of Thailand.)
Line 122 ⟶ 121:
* Stone Inscription of Wat Phra That Choeng Chum<ref>[https://db.sac.or.th/inscriptions/inscribe/detail/433 จารึกวัดพระธาตุเชิงชุม]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</ref> (S.N.2, K.369) 1000-1100 CE, [[Sakon Nakhon province]], written as '''Kranti''', meaning of Songkran. (Read and translated by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Santi Pakdekham, Ph.D.).<ref>The [[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre]] (SAC). (2007). ''Inscriptions: Wat Phra That Choeng Chum, Epigraph Line 11''. Bangkok: SAC. cited in ''Inscriptions in Thailand Database Project Staffs'' (2555 B.E.), SAC., and ''Khom Script, 15th-16th Buddhist century''. Bangkok: The National Library of Thailand, NLT, 2529, pp. 284-286. "จำมลกฺรานฺต นุ ชา ปี ทุกฺ นา องฺคุยฺ". (Epigraph), "แด่สงกรานต์ และไว้ประจำแก่". (Translation).</ref>
Songkran in Thai forms which being still used to present, however, the meaning is still same as Vishuva Sankranti and also referred to as Mesha Sankranti which can be found in;
* ''The Royal Chronicle of [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Krung Sri Ayutthaya]] (The edition of Luang Prasoet Aksorn Niti)'', written in 1681 the reign of [[Narai|King Narai the Great]], mentioned the word '''Songkran''' in event of [[Naresuan|King Naresuan the Great]] of [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] marched his troops against [[Taungoo]] in 1599<ref>''พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่าฉบับหลวงประเสริฐ'' [The Royal Chronicle of Krung Sri Ayutthaya, the edition of Luang Prasoet (in English)]. (20th Ed.). Bangkok: The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, 1986. 78 pp. {{ISBN|978-974-9-94331-1}}</ref>{{rp|29}}<ref name=":1"/>{{rp|11}}
|