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'''Central Europe''' is a geographical region of [[Europe]] between [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]], [[Southern Europe|Southern]], [[Western Europe|Western]] and [[Northern Europe|Northern]] Europe.<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture14.html Lecture 14: The Origins of the Cold War]. Historyguide.org. Retrieved 29 October 2011.</ref><ref name="Economist">{{cite news |title=Central Europe –The future of the Visegrad group |url= http://www.economist.com/node/3871275 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=14 April 2005 |access-date=7 March 2009}}</ref> Central Europe is known for its cultural diversity;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rac |first=Katalin |date=2023 |title=Diversity and Belonging in Modern Central Europe |url=https://history.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/113/2023/01/EUH-3931-Diversity-and-Belonging-in-Modern-Central-Europe-Rac.pdf |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=University of Florida}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kolman |first1=Ludek |last2=Noorderhaven |first2=Niels G. |last3=Hofstede |first3=Geert |last4=Dienes |first4=Elisabeth |date=February 2003 |title=Cross-cultural differences in Central Europe |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02683940310459600/full/html |journal=Journal of Managerial Psychology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=76–88 |doi=10.1108/02683940310459600 |issn=0268-3946}}</ref> however, countries in this region also share certain historical and cultural similarities.<ref>{{cite web |year=2002 |title=Central European Identity in Politics – Jiří Pehe |url=http://www.pehe.cz/prednasky/2002/central-european-identity-in-politics |access-date=31 January 2010 |publisher=Conference on Central European Identity, Central European Foundation, Bratislava |language=cs}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Zepetnek |first1=Steven Tötösy de |title=Comparative Central European Culture |date=2002 |publisher=Purdue University Press |isbn=978-1-55753-240-4 }}{{page needed|date=October 2023}}</ref>
 
Whilst the region is variously defined, it often includes [[Austria]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Switzerland]]. From the early 16th century<ref>{{Citation |last=Moačanin |first=Nenad |title=The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia |date=2019 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004396234/BP000014.xml |work=The Battle for Central Europe |pages=277–286 |access-date=2023-12-16 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004396234_014 |isbn=978-90-04-39623-4|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Szabó |first=János |title=The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results |date=2019 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004396234/BP000013.xml |work=The Battle for Central Europe |pages=263–275 |access-date=2023-12-16 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004396234_013 |isbn=978-90-04-39623-4|doi-access=free }}</ref> until the early 18th century,<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wq7kw |title=The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718 |date=2011-08-12 |publisher=Purdue University Press |isbn=978-1-61249-179-0 |editor-last=Ingrao |editor-first=Charles |doi=10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12 |jstor=j.ctt6wq7kw |editor-last2=Samardžić |editor-first2=Nikola |editor-last3=Pešalj |editor-first3=Jovan}}</ref> parts of present-day Croatia and Hungary were under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule. During the 17th century, the empire also occupied southern parts of present-day Slovakia.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010 |title=The Ottoman History of Slovakia |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20035850/the-ottoman-history-of-slovakia.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=The Slovak Spectator |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ágoston |first=Gábor |date=1998 |title=HABSBURGS AND OTTOMANS: Defense, Military Change and Shifts in Power |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43385414 |journal=Turkish Studies Association Bulletin |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=126–141 |jstor=43385414 |issn=0275-6048}}</ref> During the Early Modern period, the territories of Poland and Lithuania were part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Meanwhile, the [[Archduchy of Austria]], the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] (Czechia), the [[Duchy of Carniola]] (part of present-day Slovenia), the various [[Germany in the early modern period|German Principalities]] and the [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] were within the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. By the end of the 18th century, the [[Habsburg monarchy]], a prominent power within the empire, came to reign over the territories of Austria, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia, alongside parts of [[Serbia]], Germany, [[Italy]], Poland and Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benabdeljalil |first=Ilyas |date=2022-02-15 |title=The Habsburgs: A Millennia-Old Dynasty (Part II) |url=https://www.thecollector.com/the-habsburgs-dynasty/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=The Collector |language=}}</ref>
 
The countries that make up Central Europe have historically been, and in some cases continue to be,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |access-date=12 September 2023 |work=Methodology |publisher=United Nation Statistics Division}}</ref> divided into either Eastern or Western Europe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Berglee |first=Royal |date=2016 |title=2.3 Regions of Western Europe |publisher=University of Minnesota |at=2.16 Traditional Regions of Europe |url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/ |journal=World Regional Geography |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-10 |title=Regions Of Europe |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-four-european-regions-as-defined-by-the-united-nations-geoscheme-for-europe.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US |first1=Jason |last1=Shvili }}</ref> After World War II, Europe was divided by the [[Iron Curtain]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iron Curtain Trail – EuroVelo 13 |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/iron-curtain-trail |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=Council of Europe |language=}}</ref> into two parts, the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[Western Bloc]] and the [[Communism|communist]] [[Eastern Bloc]], although Austria, Switzerland and [[Yugoslavia]] (encompassing the territories of present-day Croatia, Slovenia and various other [[Balkans]] nations) declared neutrality. The [[Berlin Wall]] was one of the most visible symbols of this division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Berlin Wall {{!}} Berlin Wall Foundation |url=https://www.stiftung-berliner-mauer.de/en/topics/berlin-wall |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=www.stiftung-berliner-mauer.de |language=en}}</ref> Respectively, countries in Central Europe have historical, cultural and [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] ties with these wider regions of Europe.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, 1989 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/fall-of-communism |access-date= |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Western European Union – Archive of European Integration |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/westerneuropeanunion.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=aei.pitt.edu}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) |url=https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/old_new_tir/seci/documents/GEReport0307-final.pdf |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=United Nations Economics Commission for Europe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krastev |first=Ivan |date=2022 |title=Reimagining the East-West Divide in Europe |url=https://www.iwm.at/publication/iwmpost-article/reimagining-the-east-west-divide-in-europe |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Institute for Human Sciences |language=}}</ref>
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