Commagene: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Asia Minor in the early 1st century AD - general map - provinces, client states and main settlements - bleached - English legend.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Anatolia]] in the early 1st century AD with Commagene as a Roman client state]]

 

Commagene has been characterized as a "[[buffer state]]" between Armenia, Parthia, Syria, and Rome;{{sfnp|Lang|1983|p=510}} culturally, it was correspondingly mixed.{{sfnp|Lang|1983|p=535}}<ref name=merlat3/> The kings of the Kingdom of Commagene claimed descent from [[Orontes I|Orontes]] with [[Darius I of Persia]] as their ancestor, by his marriage to Rhodogune, daughter of [[Artaxerxes II]] who had a family descent from king Darius I.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Persian Empire |edition=Repr. |last=Cook|first=J.M.|publisher=New York: Barns & Noble Books|year=1993|isbn=978-1-56619-115-9|pages=170, 173, 193, 212, 213, 216, 217, 221–223, 257, 263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times - 2 Vols.|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|publisher=St. Martin's Press, New York|year=1997}}</ref> The territory of Commagene corresponded roughly to the modern Turkish provinces of [[Adıyaman Province|Adıyaman]] and northern [[Gaziantep Province|Antep]].{{sfnp|Blömer|Winter|2011|page=13}}

==Sources==

{{refbegin|2}}

* {{cite book|last=Ball|first=Warwick|title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134823871|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ}}

*{{anchor|blwin}} {{cite book|first1=Michael |last1=Blömer |first2=Engelbert |last2=Winter |year=2011 |isbn=978-9944-483-35-3 |title=Commagene: The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates |publisher=Homer Kitabevi }}

* {{cite book |last=Canepa|first=Matthew |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter=Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=71–103 |isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/52655937 |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite journal |title=Sculptors' Stone-Carving Techniques in Seleucid and Parthian Iran, and Their Place in the "Parthian" Cultural Milieu: Some Preliminary Observations |first=Malcolm A.R. |last=Colledge |author-link=Malcolm Colledge |journal=East and West |volume=29, No. 1/4 (December) |year=1979 |page=221-240 |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)}}

* {{citation|editor-last=Curtis|editor-first=Vesta Sarkhosh|editor2-last=Stewart|editor2-first=Sarah|title=The Age of the Parthians|series=Ideas of Iran, vol. 2|year=2007|publisher=I. B. Tauris|location=London}}

* {{cite book |last1 = Erskine|first1 = Andrew |last2 = Llewellyn-Jones|first2 = Lloyd |last3 = Wallace |first3 = Shane |title=The Hellenistic Court: Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra |date=2017 |publisher=The Classical Press of Wales|isbn=978-1910589625|quote=Another self-designated descendant from a member of one of the seven great house, Hydarnes, was the Orontid Dynasty of Armenia}}

* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Tigran II | last = Garsoian | first = Nina | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tigran-ii | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2005 }}

* {{cite book |last1=Jacobs|first1=Bruno|last2=Rollinger|first2=Robert|title=A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire |date=2021 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZA7EAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1119174288}}

* {{Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3a|last=Lang|first=David M|chapter=Iran, Armenia and Georgia|pages=512–537}}.

* {{cite book |last=Michels |first=Christoph |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter='Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=475–496|isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/53107747 |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite book|last=Millar |first=Fergus |title=The Roman Near East, 31 BC – AD 337 |date=1993 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-77885-6 }}

* {{cite book|last=Sartre|first=Maurice|title=The Middle East Under Rome|date=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674016835 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y7nTpFcN3AC}}

* {{cite book |last=Shayegan|first=M. Rahim|editor-last1=Curtis|editor-first1=Vesta Sarkhosh|editor-last2=Pendleton|editor-first2=Elizabeth J.|editor-last3=Alram|editor-first3=Michael|editor-last4=Daryaee|editor-first4=Touraj|title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion |date=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=9781785702082 |chapter=The Arsacids and Commagene}}

* {{cite journal |journal=Dabir |volume=7 |last=Strootman|first=Rolf | title=Hellenism and Persianism in Iran |date=2020|pages=201–227|url=https://www.academia.edu/43017267|url-access=registration}}

* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Antiochus of Commagene | last = Widengren | first = G. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/antiochus-of-commagene | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2 | pages = 135–136 | year = 1986 }}

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