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Free medical treatment was practiced in areas controlled by the CCP before 1949. In February 1951, the industrial and mining departments began to try out labor insurance regulations and solve workers' medical problems. In the same year, free medical treatment was also tried in northern [[Shaanxi]] and some ethnic minority areas. On June 27, 1952, the Instructions of the Administration Council on the Practice of Free Medical Treatment and Prevention for State Functionaries of People's Governments at all levels, parties,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Compiled by China Working Committee on Aging Office |title=Compilation of laws and regulations on Aging in China |date=2010 |publisher=Unknown |isbn=978-7801787316}}</ref> organizations and affiliated Institutions were issued. After that, the CCP government gradually communized the medical and health system and modernized it in imitation of the [[Soviet Union]]. During the period of planned economy, a tertiary hospital structure was established: a tertiary medical service and epidemic prevention system consisting of municipal and district hospitals and outpatients from sub-districts, factories, and mines. A three-level medical prevention and health care network is established in rural areas, with county hospitals as the leader, township (town) health centers as the hub, and village clinics as the basis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |website=中国网--网上中国 |title=医改进程（上）：曾经的全额公费医疗，为什么现在消失了？|date=2011|trans-title=Process of Healthcare reform, part I: the free healthcare of old, why is it gone now?|url=http://med.china.com.cn/content/pid/260519/tid/1026/iswap/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127021320/http://med.china.com.cn/content/pid/260519/tid/1026/iswap/1 |archive-date=2022-01-27|quote=计划经济时期的医院全部由政府管控，建立了我们现在较为熟知的三级医院结构，即城镇由市、区两级医院和街道、厂矿门诊组成的三级医疗服务及卫生防疫体系；农村以县医院为龙头、以乡（镇）卫生院为枢纽、以村卫生室为基础的三级医疗预防保健网络。所有的医疗设备、医务人员均由国家统一分配管理。}}</ref>
Before the [[Cultural Revolution]], the [[Ministry of Health (China)|Ministry of Health]] focused on the delivery of health care in urban hospitals.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|page=304}} [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] criticized Minister of Health [[Qian Xinzhong]] for promoting this health care model, arguing that an urban hospital-focused health care model failed to treat peasants and focused on cure rather than preventative medicine.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=304}} Mao also described the Ministry itself as the Ministry "of urban overlords."<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=105}}
The Cultural Revolution brought a greater focus on rural health care. In his June 26 Directive, Mao prioritized healthcare and medicine for rural people throughout the country.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Youwei |title=Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964-1988 |last2=Wang |first2=Y. Yvon |publisher=[[Palgrave MacMillan]] |year=2022 |isbn=9783030996871}}</ref>{{Rp|page=362}} As a result, clinics and hospitals sent their staff on medical tours of rural areas and rural cooperative healthcare expanded.<ref name=":22" />{{Rp|page=362}} [[Barefoot doctor]]s brought healthcare to rural areas where urban-trained doctors would not settle. They promoted basic [[hygiene]], [[preventive healthcare]], and [[family planning]] and treated common [[Disease|illnesses]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=Y. L. |last2=Chao |first2=L. M. |date=September 1982 |title=The role of barefoot doctors |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=72 |issue=9 Suppl |pages=59–61 |doi=10.2105/ajph.72.9_suppl.59 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1650037 |pmid=7102877}}</ref>
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