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Lyushkov was born in [[Odessa]] in the [[Russian Empire]] in 1900. His [[Jews|Jewish]] father supported him and his siblings as a tailor.<ref>{{Cite book |lastlast1=Петров |firstfirst1=Никита Васильевич |url=https://books.google.itcom/books?id=YA0FAQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0&dq=%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_gbO_tpmEAxVEOXoKHfsdBlgQ6AF6BAgHEAI |title=Кто руководил НКВД, 1934-1941: справочник |last2=Скоркин |first2=Константин Владиславович |date=1999 |publisher=Звенья |isbn=978-5-7870-0032-0 |pages=280 |language=ru}}</ref> He began his education in 1908 in a state-owned, six-classroom school, continuing there until 1915.<ref>{{Cite book |lastlast1=Тумшис |firstfirst1=Михаил |url=https://books.google.itcom/books?id=EXgqDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1922&dq=%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85+1915&hlpg=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPwuLntpmEAxXBVvEDHZbFAZAQ6AF6BAgMEAI#v=onepage&q=%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%201915&f=falseRA1-PA1922 |title=Евреи в НКВД СССР. 1936–1938 гг. Опыт биографического словаря |last2=Золотарёв |first2=Вадим |date=2022-01-29 |publisher=Litres |isbn=978-5-04-060749-5 |pages=1922 |language=ru}}</ref> While in school, he was influenced by his brother (a member of the [[Bolshevik]] underground) to join the [[Bolshevik Party]] and take part in the [[Russian Revolution]] several years later.
In April 1919, he received political training in [[Kyiv]] for the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]. During this time, the [[Russian Civil War]] broke out and after his graduation in September of that year, Lyushkov was assigned to the [[Red Army]]'s [[14th Army (RSFSR)|14th Army]] for political work, where he saw combat against [[Poland|Poles]] and the [[White movement|White Russian]] forces of [[Anton Denikin]]. By then, he was a fully-fledged [[Commissar#Political commissar|political commissar]] and had received the [[Order of the Red Banner]].{{sfn|Coox|1968|p=407}}<ref name="Kuksin" />
