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An example from the [[Tanakh]] is the earliest known text of the positive form of the famous "[[Golden Rule]]":<ref name="Plaut pp.892">[[Gunther Plaut]], ''The Torah&nbsp;— A Modern Commentary''; Union of American Hebrew Congregations, New York 1981; pp.892.</ref>
{{quote|You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk. Love your neighbor as yourself: I am the LORD.|{{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=Jewish Publication Society 1917|book=Leviticus|chapter=19|verse=18}}<ref name="njps">New JPS Hebrew/English Tanakh</ref>}} [[Hillel the Elder]] (c. 110 BCE – 10 CE),<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=730&letter=H Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel]: "His activity of forty years is perhaps historical; and since it began, according to a trustworthy tradition (Shab. 15a), one hundred years before the destruction of Jerusalem, it must have covered the period 30 B.C.E. -10 C.E.<!--B.C. in the original-->"</ref> used this verse as a most important message of the [[Torah]] for his teachings. Once, he was challenged by a [[ger toshav]] who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot. Hillel accepted him as a candidate for [[conversion to Judaism]] but, drawing on {{bibleverse||Leviticus|19:18|126}}, briefed the man:
{{quote|What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn.|{{sourcetext|source=Babylonian Talmud|version=|book=Shabbath|chapter=folio|verse=31a}}|[[Babylonian Talmud]]}}
 
[[Pirkei Avot]] is a compilation of the [[ethics|ethical]] teachings and maxims of the Rabbis of the [[Mishnah|Mishnaic]] period. It is part of [[didactic]] [[Jewish]] ethical Musar literature. Because of its contents, it is also called '''Ethics of the Fathers'''. The teachings of Pirkei Avot appear in the Mishnaic [[Talmud|tractate]] of ''Avot'', the second-to-last tractate in the order of [[Nezikin]] in the [[Mishnah]]. Pirkei Avot is unique in that it is the only tractate of the Mishnah dealing solely with ethical and moral principles; there is little or no [[halacha]] found in Pirkei Avot.
 
== Medieval Musar literature ==
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* ''[[Chovot ha-Levavot]]'' by [[Bahya ibn Paquda]]
 
* [http://www.panix.com/%7Ejjbaker/MadaD.html ''Hilchot Deot''] in ''Sefer ha-Madah'' of [[Mishneh Torah]] by [[Maimonides]]
 
* ''Sefer Hayashar'' (the ethical work, not to be confused with the many other unrelated works of the same name), published anonymously
 
* ''Shemona Perakim'' ("The Eight Chapters"):, the introduction to [[Pirkei Avot]] in [[Maimonides]]' commentary to the [[Mishnah]].
 
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{{Main|Mesillat Yesharim}}
 
[[Mesillat Yesharim]] is a Musar text published in Amsterdam by [[Moshe Chaim Luzzatto]] in the 18th century. Mesillat Yesharim is perhaps the most important work of Musar literature of the post-medieval period. The [[Vilna Gaon]] commented that he couldn'tcould not find a superfluous word in the first seven chapters of the work, and stated that he would have traveled to meet the author and learn from his ways if he'd still been alive.
 
=== Ottoman Musar literature ===
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== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130503081953/http://www.kolhamevaser.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/kh-musar-and-jewish-ethics-iii-1-update.pdf Musar and Jewish Ethics pdf] ''[[Yeshiva University]] Student Magazine''
* [httphttps://dafyomireview.com/article.php?docid=384 Duties of the Heart - free english translation]
* Benjamin Brown, [https://www.academia.edu/5157596/From_Principles_to_Rules_and_from_Musar_to_Halakhah_-_The_Hafetz_Hayims_Rulings_on_Libel_and_Gossip From Principles to Rules and from Musar to Halakhah - The Hafetz Hayims Rulings on Libel and Gossip].
 
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