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As with other social movements, there is also conflict within and between LGBT movements, especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who represents the constituency of these movements, and this also applies to changing education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchen |first1=Julian |last2=Bellini |first2=Christine |title=Addressing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Issues in Teacher Education: Teacher Candidates' Perceptions |journal=Alberta Journal of Educational Research |date=2012 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=444–460 |url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ajer/article/view/55632 }}</ref> There is debate over the extent that lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender people, [[intersex]] people, and others share common interests and a need to work together. Leaders of the lesbian and gay movement of the 1970s, '80s and '90s often attempted to hide masculine lesbians, feminine [[gay men]], transgender people, and bisexuals from the public eye, creating internal divisions within LGBT communities.<ref>Bull, C., and J. Gallagher (1996) Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement, and the Politics of the 1990s. New York: Crown.{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref> Roffee and Waling (2016) documented that LGBT people experience microaggressions, bullying and anti-social behaviors from other people within the LGBT community. This is due to misconceptions and conflicting views as to what entails "LGBT". For example, transgender people found that other members of the community were not understanding toward their own, individual, specific needs and would instead make ignorant assumptions, and this could cause health risks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Richard G. |title=Sexuality, Health, and Human Rights |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=June 2007 |volume=97 |issue=6 |pages=972–973 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.113365 |pmid=17463362 |pmc=1874191 }}</ref> Additionally, bisexual people found that lesbian or gay people were not understanding or appreciative of bisexual sexuality. Evidently, even though most of these people would say that they stand for the same values as the majority of the community, there are still remaining inconsistencies even within the LGBT community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roffee |first1=James A. |last2=Waling |first2=Andrea |title=Rethinking microaggressions and anti-social behaviour against LGBTIQ+ youth |journal=Safer Communities |date=October 10, 2016 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=190–201 |doi=10.1108/SC-02-2016-0004 }}</ref>
 
LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of [[identity politics]] that sees gay, bisexual, and transgender people as a fixed class of people; a [[minority group]] or groups, and this is very common among LGBT communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balsam |first1=Kimberly F. |last2=Molina |first2=Yamile |last3=Beadnell |first3=Blair |last4=Simoni |first4=Jane |last5=Walters |first5=Karina |title=Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale |journal=Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology |date=April 2011 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=163–174 |doi=10.1037/a0023244 |pmid=21604840 |pmc=4059824 }}</ref> Those using this approach aspire to liberal political goals of freedom and [[equal opportunity]], and aim to join the political mainstream on the same level as other groups in society.<ref>One example of this approach is: [[Andrew Sullivan|Sullivan, Andrew]] (1997). ''Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con''. New York: Vintage.{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref> In arguing that [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] are innate and cannot be consciously changed, attempts to change gay, lesbian, and bisexual people into heterosexuals ("[[conversion therapy]]") are generally opposed by the LGBT community. Such attempts are often based on [[religious beliefs]] that perceive gay, lesbian, and bisexual activity as immoral. Religion has, however, never been univocal opposed to either homosexuality, bisexuality or transgenderism, usually treating sex between men and sex between women differently. As of today, numerous religious communities and many believers in other religions are generally accepting of LGBT rights.
 
However, others within LGBT movements have criticized identity politics as limited and flawed, elements of the [[queer]] movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive, and attempted to [[Deconstruction|deconstruct]] those categories, which are seen to "reinforce rather than challenge a cultural system that will always mark the non heterosexual as inferior."<ref>Bernstein (2002)</ref>
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President Biden signed an executive order barring LGBTQ discrimination on his first day in office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-preventing-and-combating-discrimination-on-basis-of-gender-identity-or-sexual-orientation/ |title=Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation |author-link=Joe Biden |date=January 20, 2021 |website=[[White House]] |access-date=February 21, 2022}}</ref> Later the same year, Biden reversed a [[Donald Trump|Trump]]-era policy of banning transgender people from the military, authorized embassies to fly the pride flag, and officially recognized June as Pride Month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-formally-recognizes-june-as-lgbtq-pride-month-2021-6 |title=Biden formally recognizes LGBTQ Pride Month, restarting a tradition that Trump abandoned |last=Seddiq |first=Oma |date=June 1, 2021 |website=Business Insider |access-date=February 21, 2022}}</ref>
 
== LGBTPublic and human rightsopinion ==
{{See also|Societal attitudes toward homosexuality|LGBT rights opposition}}▼
[[File:Our 37th straight year (9179641399).jpg|thumb|37th Annual "Straights For Gay Rights" in Berkeley, California, in 2013]]▼
LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations.<ref>Strauss, Lehman, Litt.D., F.R.G.S. [http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1302 "Homosexuality: The Christian Perspective"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203635/http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1302 |date=April 15, 2007 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_rom.htm "Roman Catholics and Homosexuality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054718/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_rom.htm |date=March 17, 2017 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2006)</ref><ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/family?lang=eng "Teaching about Procreation and Chastity: Homosexuality"], The Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter-day Saints. Home & Family.</ref><ref>Shafran, Rabbi Avi. [http://www.jlaw.com/Commentary/maritalprob.html "Jewish Law: Marital Problems"]. Jewish Law Commentary: Examining Halacha, Jewish Issues, and Secular Law.</ref><ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_isla1.htm "Islam and Homosexuality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055607/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_isla1.htm |date=March 17, 2017 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2005).</ref> They may have a personal, political or religious prejudice to gay rights, homosexual relations or gay people. Opponents say same-sex relationships are not marriages,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savemarriageny.org/The%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage%20and%20Civil%20Unions.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217232402/http://www.savemarriageny.org/The%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage%20and%20Civil%20Unions.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2008|title=THE CASE AGAINST SAME-SEX "MARRIAGE" AND CIVILUNIONS |date=January 2008 |publisher=COALITION TO SAVE MARRIAGE IN NEW YORK }}</ref> that legalization of same-sex marriage will open the door for the legalization of polygamy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationformarriage.org/atf/cf/%7B39D8B5C1-F9FE-48C0-ABE6-1029BA77854C%7D/CatholicEnglish.pdf|title=Why Marriage Matters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624205429/http://www.nationformarriage.org/atf/cf/%7B39D8B5C1-F9FE-48C0-ABE6-1029BA77854C%7D/CatholicEnglish.pdf|archive-date=June 24, 2008}}</ref> that it is unnatural<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DE1731F937A35753C1A964958260 |title=Anti-Gay Backlashes Are on 3 States' Ballots |date=October 4, 1992 |access-date=June 6, 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times | first=Timothy | last=Egan}}</ref> and that it encourages unhealthy behavior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balancedpolitics.org/same_sex_marriages.htm|title=BalancedPolitics.org – Same Sex Marriages (Pros & Cons, Arguments For and Against, Advantages & Disadvantages)|author=Joe Messerli|access-date=June 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apacny.net/The%20Christian%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage.pdf | title=A BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SAME-SEX "MARRIAGE" AND CIVIL UNIONS | publisher=The Association of Politically Active Christians | date=2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409072704/http://www.apacny.net/The%20Christian%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage.pdf | archive-date=April 9, 2008}}</ref> Some social conservatives believe that all sexual relationships with people other than an opposite-sex spouse undermines the traditional family<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527022204/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD|title=First Presidency Message on Same-Gender Marriage|archive-date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> and that children should be reared in homes with both a father and a mother.<ref name = DMD>{{cite magazine |last=Brownback |first=Sam |title=Defining Marriage Down&nbsp;— We need to protect marriage. |magazine=[[National Review]] |date=July 9, 2004 |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710092937/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |archive-date=July 10, 2004 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/family-proclamation "The Family: A Proclamation to the World"], lds.org.</ref> As society in some countries (mostly in Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Taiwan) has become more accepting of homosexuality, there therefore has also been the emergence of many groups that desire to end homosexuality; during the 1990s, one of the best known groups that was established with this goal is the [[ex-gay]] movement.▼
 
[[File:2008 Anti-gay protestors in San Francisco.jpg|thumb|Anti-gay protestors in San Francisco in 2008]]▼
 
Some people worry that gay rights conflict with individuals' freedom of speech,<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/michael_gove/article805241.ece|newspaper=The Times |title=I'd like to say this, but it might land me in prison|date=December 24, 2002 |first=Michael |last=Gove |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/christian-group-likens-tory-candidate-review-to-witch-hunt-1.644299
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|date=August 14, 2007 |title=Church Group Complains of Civil Union Pressure|first=Jill |last=Capuzzo |newspaper=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/nyregion/18grove.html|title=Group Loses Tax Break Over Gay Union Issue|first=Jill |last=Capuzzo|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 18, 2007|access-date=May 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,700226242,00.html
|title=LDS Church expresses disappointment in California gay marriage decision |date=May 15, 2008 |first=Carrie |last=Moore |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601193325/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C700226242%2C00.html |archive-date=June 1, 2009 }}</ref>
 
[[Freedom of religion]] may, however, also protect LGBT people. As pointed out at the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] in the 2023 formal report of the [[United Nations Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity]] on the basis of the explanation in a 2020 article by human rights expert [[Dag Øistein Endsjø]], adherents of denominations and belief systems who embrace LGBT-equality "can claim that anti-LGBT manifestations of religion (such as criminalization and discrimination) not only impinge upon the right of LGBT people to be free from violence and discrimination based on SOGI [sexual orientation and gender identity], but also violate the [pro-LGBT] denominations' own rights of freedom of religion". As pointed out in this article, freedom of religion also generally protects LGBT people against religious oppression, as freedom of religion also protects the “freedom ... not to hold religious beliefs and ... not to practise a religion”.<ref>[[United Nations Human Rights Council]] ''[https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc5337-report-independent-expert-protection-against-violence-and|A/HRC/53/37 Freedom of religion or belief, and freedom from violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity: Report of the Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity]'', 7 June 2023, § 162; [[Dag Øistein Endsjø]] “[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2020.1763961 The other way around? How freedom of religion may protect LGBT rights]”, ''The International Journal of Human Rights'' 24:10 (2020), pp. 1686-88; Buscarini and Others v. San Marino (1999), 24645/94, European Court of Human Rights, § 34; cf. United Nation Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 22, 1993, 2.</ref> As the [[United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief]] noted in 2017, “in certain States where religion has been given ‘official’ or privileged status, other fundamental rights of individuals – especially women, religious minorities and members of the LGBTI community – are disproportionately restricted or vitiated under threat of sanctions as a result of obligatory observation of State-imposed religious orthodoxy.”<ref>United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, ''Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief'', A/HRC/34/50, 17 January 2017, § 45.</ref>
 
== Public opinion ==
▲{{See also|Societal attitudes toward homosexuality|LGBT rights opposition}}
▲[[File:Our 37th straight year (9179641399).jpg|thumb|37th Annual "Straights For Gay Rights" in Berkeley, California, in 2013]]
▲LGBT movements are opposed by a variety of individuals and organizations.<ref>Strauss, Lehman, Litt.D., F.R.G.S. [http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1302 "Homosexuality: The Christian Perspective"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203635/http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1302 |date=April 15, 2007 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_rom.htm "Roman Catholics and Homosexuality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054718/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_rom.htm |date=March 17, 2017 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2006)</ref><ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/family?lang=eng "Teaching about Procreation and Chastity: Homosexuality"], The Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter-day Saints. Home & Family.</ref><ref>Shafran, Rabbi Avi. [http://www.jlaw.com/Commentary/maritalprob.html "Jewish Law: Marital Problems"]. Jewish Law Commentary: Examining Halacha, Jewish Issues, and Secular Law.</ref><ref>[http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_isla1.htm "Islam and Homosexuality"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055607/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_isla1.htm |date=March 17, 2017 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2005).</ref> They may have a personal, political or religious prejudice to gay rights, homosexual relations or gay people. Opponents say same-sex relationships are not marriages,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savemarriageny.org/The%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage%20and%20Civil%20Unions.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217232402/http://www.savemarriageny.org/The%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage%20and%20Civil%20Unions.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2008|title=THE CASE AGAINST SAME-SEX "MARRIAGE" AND CIVILUNIONS |date=January 2008 |publisher=COALITION TO SAVE MARRIAGE IN NEW YORK }}</ref> that legalization of same-sex marriage will open the door for the legalization of polygamy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationformarriage.org/atf/cf/%7B39D8B5C1-F9FE-48C0-ABE6-1029BA77854C%7D/CatholicEnglish.pdf|title=Why Marriage Matters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624205429/http://www.nationformarriage.org/atf/cf/%7B39D8B5C1-F9FE-48C0-ABE6-1029BA77854C%7D/CatholicEnglish.pdf|archive-date=June 24, 2008}}</ref> that it is unnatural<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE0DE1731F937A35753C1A964958260 |title=Anti-Gay Backlashes Are on 3 States' Ballots |date=October 4, 1992 |access-date=June 6, 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times | first=Timothy | last=Egan}}</ref> and that it encourages unhealthy behavior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balancedpolitics.org/same_sex_marriages.htm|title=BalancedPolitics.org – Same Sex Marriages (Pros & Cons, Arguments For and Against, Advantages & Disadvantages)|author=Joe Messerli|access-date=June 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apacny.net/The%20Christian%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage.pdf | title=A BIBLICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SAME-SEX "MARRIAGE" AND CIVIL UNIONS | publisher=The Association of Politically Active Christians | date=2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409072704/http://www.apacny.net/The%20Christian%20Case%20Against%20Same-Sex%20Marriage.pdf | archive-date=April 9, 2008}}</ref> Some social conservatives believe that all sexual relationships with people other than an opposite-sex spouse undermines the traditional family<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527022204/http://newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=a1312e636369f010VgnVCM100000176f620aRCRD|title=First Presidency Message on Same-Gender Marriage|archive-date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> and that children should be reared in homes with both a father and a mother.<ref name = DMD>{{cite magazine |last=Brownback |first=Sam |title=Defining Marriage Down&nbsp;— We need to protect marriage. |magazine=[[National Review]] |date=July 9, 2004 |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710092937/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/brownback200407090921.asp |archive-date=July 10, 2004 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/family-proclamation "The Family: A Proclamation to the World"], lds.org.</ref> As society in some countries (mostly in Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Taiwan) has become more accepting of homosexuality, there therefore has also been the emergence of many groups that desire to end homosexuality; during the 1990s, one of the best known groups that was established with this goal is the [[ex-gay]] movement.
 
▲[[File:2008 Anti-gay protestors in San Francisco.jpg|thumb|Anti-gay protestors in San Francisco in 2008]]
 
[[Eric Rofes]] author of the book, ''A Radical Rethinking of Sexuality and Schooling: Status Quo or Status Queer?'', argues that the inclusion of teachings on homosexuality in public schools will play an important role in transforming public ideas about lesbian and gay individuals.<ref name="Rofes">Rofes, Eric E. "Chapter 2: Candy from Strangers: Queer Teachers and the (Im)Moral Development of Children." A Radical Rethinking of Sexuality and Schooling: Status Quo or Status Queer. Ed. Eric E. Rofes. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. 15–37. Print.</ref> As a former teacher in the public school system, Rofes recounts how he was fired from his teaching position after making the decision to come out as gay. As a result of the stigma that he faced as a gay teacher he emphasizes the necessity of the public to take [[political radicalism|radical]] approaches to making significant changes in public attitudes about homosexuality.<ref name="Rofes" /> According to Rofes, radical approaches are grounded in the belief that "something fundamental needs to be transformed for authentic and sweeping changes to occur. "The radical approaches proposed by Rofes have been met with strong opposition from [[LGBT rights opposition|anti-gay rights]] activists such as [[John Briggs (politician)|John Briggs]]. Former California senator, John Briggs proposed [[Briggs Initiative|Proposition 6]], a [[ballot initiative]] that would require that all California state public schools fire any gay or lesbian teachers or counselors, along with any faculty that displayed support for gay rights in an effort to prevent what he believe to be "the corruption of the children's minds".<ref name="Fetner">Fetner, Tina. 2008. How the Religious Rights Shaped Lesbian and Gay Activism. University of Minnesota Press.</ref> The exclusion of homosexuality from the sexual education curriculum, in addition to the absence of sexual counseling programs in public schools, has resulted in increased feelings of isolation and alienation for gay and lesbian students who desire to have gay counseling programs that will help them come to terms with their sexual orientation.<ref name="Rofes" /> Eric Rofes founder of youth homosexual programs, such as [[Out There (youth program)|Out There]] and [[Committee for Gay Youth]], stresses the importance of having support programs that help youth learn to identify with their sexual orientation.
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