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In the case of personality traits, non-shared environmental effects are often found to out-weigh shared environmental effects. That is, environmental effects that are typically thought to be life-shaping (such as family life) may have less of an impact than non-shared effects, which are harder to identify. One possible source of non-shared effects is the environment of pre-natal development. Random variations in the genetic program of development may be a substantial source of non-shared environment. These results suggest that "nurture" may not be the predominant factor in "environment". Environment and our situations, do in fact impact our lives, but not the way in which we would typically react to these environmental factors. We are preset with personality traits that are the basis for how we would react to situations. An example would be how extraverted prisoners become less happy than introverted prisoners and would react to their incarceration more negatively due to their preset extraverted personality.<ref name=PinkerBlankSlate/>{{rp|Ch 19}} Behavioral genes are somewhat proven to exist when we take a look at fraternal twins. When fraternal twins are reared apart, they show the same similarities in behavior and response as if they have been reared together.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://explorable.com/nature-vs-nurture-debate|title=Nature and Nurture Debate — Genes or Environment?|first=Sarah Mae|last=Sincero|work=Explorable.com|access-date=2017-05-04|language=en}}</ref>
While it has been suggested that shared environment has little impact on personality traits, whether parenting can be equated with shared environment has been called into question, since some studies have shown that parents can treat their children differently.<ref name="Plomin">{{cite journal |author1=Robert Plomin |title=Commentary: Why are children in the same family so different? Non-shared environment three decades later |journal=Int J Epidemiol. |date=2011-06-29 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=582–592 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyq144 |pmid=21807643 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3147062/ |accessdate=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118023916/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3147062/ }}</ref>, and some studies have treated parenting as a non-shared environmental factor<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joyner-Carpanini |first1=Bridget |title=Parenting as a Nonshared Environmental Factor: A Sibling Barricade Analysis |journal=Crime & Delinquency |date=July 11 2023 |doi=10.1177/00111287231186087 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00111287231186087 |access-date=2024-01-13}}</ref>; besides, parenting impacts may present in [[adoptive]] parenting as well, as recent research has shown that warm adoptive parenting reduces internalizing and externalizing problems of the adoptive children over time.<ref name="Paine">{{cite journal |author1=Amy L. Paine, Oliver Perra, Rebecca Anthony, and Katherine H. Shelton |title=Charting the trajectories of adopted children's emotional and behavioral problems: The impact of early adversity and postadoptive parental warmth |journal=Development and Psychopathology |date=Aug 2021|volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=922–936 |doi=10.1017/S0954579420000231 |pmid=32366341 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374623/ |accessdate=19 Nov 2023 |archive-date=19 Nov 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119210053/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374623/}}</ref>
== Genetics ==
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