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{{infobox indium}}
'''Indium''' is a [[chemical element]]; it has [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''In''' , [[atomic number]] 49 , and has an [[atomic mass]] of 115. It is a silvery-white [[post-transition metal]] and one of the softest elements. Chemically, indium is similar to [[gallium]] and [[thallium]], and its properties are largely intermediate between the two.<ref name="Ph.D.Lide2010">{{cite book |author1=W. M. Haynes |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche00davi |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready-reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data |date=2010 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-2077-3 |editor=David R. Lide |url-access=registration}}</ref> It was discovered in 1863 by [[Ferdinand Reich]] and [[Hieronymous Theodor Richter]] by [[spectroscope|spectroscopic methods]] and named for the [[indigo]] blue line in its spectrum.<ref name="Venetskii" />
Indium is a [[technology-critical element]] used primarily in the production of [[Flat-panel display|flat-panel displays]] as [[Indium tin oxide|indium tin oxide (ITO)]], a transparent and conductive coating applied to glass.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Zhaokui |last2=Naka |first2=Shigeki |last3=Okada |first3=Hiroyuki |date=30 November 2009 |title=Influence of ITO patterning on reliability of organic light emitting devices |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.029 |journal=Thin Solid Films |volume=518 |issue=2 |pages=497–500 |doi=10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.029 |issn=0040-6090}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Zhangxian |last2=Li |first2=Wanchao |last3=Li |first3=Ran |last4=Zhang |first4=Yunfeng |last5=Xu |first5=Guoqin |last6=Cheng |first6=Hansong |date=2013-10-28 |title=Fabrication of Highly Transparent and Conductive Indium–Tin Oxide Thin Films with a High Figure of Merit via Solution Processing |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la4033282 |journal=Langmuir |volume=29 |issue=45 |pages=13836–13842 |doi=10.1021/la4033282 |issn=0743-7463}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Indium is also used in the [[semiconductor industry]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Nirmal |first=D. |title=Chapter 3 - InP-Based High-Electron-Mobility Transistors for High-Frequency Applications |date=2019-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128133538000129 |work=Nanoelectronics |pages=95–114 |editor-last=Kaushik |editor-first=Brajesh Kumar |access-date=2023-12-08 |series=Advanced Nanomaterials |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-813353-8.00012-9 |isbn=978-0-12-813353-8 |last2=Ajayan |first2=J.}}</ref> in low-melting-point metal [[alloys]] such as [[Solder#Alloying element roles|solders]] and soft-metal high-vacuum seals. It is produced exclusively as a [[by-product]] during the processing of the ores of other metals, chiefly from [[sphalerite]] and other [[zinc]] [[Sulfide mineral|sulfide ores]].<ref name="Frenzel-2017" />
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