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=== Mongol expedition to the Dnieper ===
On 12 January 1221, [[Shah]] [[Muhammad II of Khwarezm]] died while retreating from the Mongols on the island of Abeskum<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=A50WWPlO-7wC&pg=PA193 The War Chronicles: From Chariots to Flintlocks], Joseph Cummins. via Google Books, p.193</ref> during [[Genghis Khan]]'s destruction of the [[Khwarezmid Empire]]. Upon hearing the news of the Shah's death, Genghis Khan summoned his general, [[Subutai]], to [[Samarkand]]. Subutai offered him advice on how best to defeat the new Shah, [[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu]]. He requested not to be part of the final campaign, and instead proposed to [[Reconnaissance|reconnoiter]] the west bank of the [[Caspian Sea]] and the steppes beyond. Genghis Khan accepted this plan and assigned two ''[[tumen (unit)|tumens]]'' (totaling 20,000 soldiers) to Subutai and another to [[Jebe]], another one of the Khan's generals, under the condition that the campaign did not take more than two years and that on their return they find and join with the Khan's son [[Jochi]] in the east to engage the [[Volga Bulgars]]. Subutai rejoined Jebe at their camp near the Caspian at the delta of the [[Kura (river)|Kura river]]. The "reconnaissance in force" began at the end of February 1221. The Mongols then invaded [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and decimated [[George IV of Georgia]]'s much larger forces on the plain of Khuman, sacking Mariah and [[Hamadan]].
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