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[[Sociologist]] Mary Bernstein writes: "For the lesbian and gay movement, then, cultural goals include (but are not limited to) challenging dominant constructions of [[masculinity]] and [[femininity]], [[homophobia]], and the primacy of the gendered heterosexual [[nuclear family]] ([[heteronormativity]]). Political goals include changing laws and policies to gain new rights, benefits, and protections from harm."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=Mary |title=Identities and Politics: Toward a Historical Understanding of the Lesbian and Gay Movement |journal=Social Science History |date=2002 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=531–581 |jstor=40267789 |doi=10.1017/S0145553200013080 |s2cid=151848248 }}</ref> Bernstein emphasizes that activists seek both types of goals in both the civil and political spheres.
As with other social movements, there is also conflict within and between LGBT movements, especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who represents the constituency of these movements, and this also applies to changing education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchen |first1=Julian |last2=Bellini |first2=Christine |title=Addressing Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Issues in Teacher Education: Teacher Candidates' Perceptions |journal=Alberta Journal of Educational Research |date=2012 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=444–460 |url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ajer/article/view/55632 }}</ref> There is debate over
LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of [[identity politics]] that sees gay, bisexual, and transgender people as a fixed class of people; a [[minority group]] or groups, and this is very common among LGBT communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Balsam |first1=Kimberly F. |last2=Molina |first2=Yamile |last3=Beadnell |first3=Blair |last4=Simoni |first4=Jane |last5=Walters |first5=Karina |title=Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale |journal=Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology |date=April 2011 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=163–174 |doi=10.1037/a0023244 |pmid=21604840 |pmc=4059824 }}</ref> Those using this approach aspire to liberal political goals of freedom and [[equal opportunity]], and aim to join the political mainstream on the same level as other groups in society.<ref>One example of this approach is: [[Andrew Sullivan|Sullivan, Andrew]] (1997). ''Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con''. New York: Vintage.{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref> In arguing that [[sexual orientation]] and [[gender identity]] are innate and cannot be consciously changed, attempts to change gay, lesbian, and bisexual people into heterosexuals ("[[conversion therapy]]") are generally opposed by the LGBT community. Such attempts are often based
However, others within LGBT movements have criticized identity politics as limited and flawed, elements of the [[queer]] movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive, and attempted to [[Deconstruction|deconstruct]] those categories, which are seen to "reinforce rather than challenge a cultural system that will always mark the non heterosexual as inferior."<ref>Bernstein (2002)</ref>
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