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A '''protest''' (also called a '''demonstration''', '''remonstration''' or '''remonstrance''') is a public expression of objection, disapproval or dissent towards an idea or action, typically a political one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/protest|title=Definition of PROTEST|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/protest_1|title=PROTEST (noun) definition and synonyms {{!}} Macmillan Dictionary|website=www.macmillandictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref>
Protests can be thought of as acts of [[cooperation]] in which numerous people cooperate by attending, and share the potential costs and risks of doing so.<ref name="Larson">{{cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Jennifer M. |title=Networks of Conflict and Cooperation |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |date=11 May 2021 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=89–107 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102523 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Protests can take many different forms, from individual statements to mass [[Politicalpolitical demonstration|demonstrations]]. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence [[public opinion]] or government policy, or they may undertake [[direct action]] in an attempt to enact desired changes themselves.<ref>St. John Barned-Smith, "How We Rage: This Is Not Your Parents' Protest," ''Current'' (Winter 2007): 17–25.</ref> Where protests are part of a systematic and peaceful [[Nonviolence|nonviolent]] campaign to achieve a particular objective, and involve the use of pressure as well as persuasion, they go beyond mere protest and may be better described as a type of protest called [[civil resistance]] or [[nonviolent resistance]].<ref name=CivilResistance>{{cite book|first=Adam|last=Roberts|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)|editor-first=Timothy Garton|editor-last=Ash|editor-link=Timothy Garton Ash|title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-955201-6|pages=2–3}}</ref>
 
Various forms of self-expression and protest are sometimes restricted by governmental policy (such as the requirement of [[protest permit]]s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Controlling+public+protest%3a+First+Amendment+implications.-a016473804|title=Controlling Public Protest: First Amendment Implications|access-date=16 December 2009|author=Daniel L. Schofield, S.J.D.|date=November 1994|publisher=in the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s [[FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin|Law Enforcement Bulletin]]}}</ref> economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly. One state reaction to protests is the use of [[riot police]]. Observers have noted an increased [[Militarization of police|militarization of protest policing]] in many countries, with police deploying [[Vehicle armour|armored vehicles]] and snipers against protesters. When such restrictions occur, protests may assume the form of open [[civil disobedience]], more subtle forms of resistance against the restrictions, or may spill over into other areas such as culture and emigration.
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