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|ethnicity =
|field = [[Microbiology]]
|work_institutions = [[University of Illinois
|alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Amherst College]]|[[Yale University]]}}
| thesis_title = Physical Studies on Animal viruses
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|doctoral_advisor = [[Ernest C. Pollard]]{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students = [[David Stahl (biologist)|David Stahl]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mcb.illinois.edu/departments/microbiology/downloads/history_of_microbiology_at_illinois.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mcb.illinois.edu/departments/microbiology/downloads/history_of_microbiology_at_illinois.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=History of the Department of Microbiology |publisher=University of Illinois
|known_for = Discovery of [[Archaea]]
|influences =
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|signature =
}}
'''Carl Richard Woese''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|oʊ|z}};<ref name="sayhow">{{cite web | editor-last = Hagen | editor-first = Ray | title = Say How? A Pronunciation Guide to Names of Public Figures | work = National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped | date = August 2012 | url = https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/standards-guidelines/uvwx/#w }}</ref> July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American [[microbiologist]] and [[biophysicist]]. Woese is famous for defining the [[Archaea]] (a new [[domain (biology)|domain]] of life) in 1977 through a pioneering [[phylogenetic]] [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of [[16S ribosomal RNA]], a technique that has revolutionized microbiology.<ref name="Woese_1990">{{cite journal | last1 = Woese | first1 = Carl R.| author-link1 = Carl Woese | last2 = Kandler | first2 = O | last3 = Wheelis | first3= M | title = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | pages = 4576–9 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2112744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | pmc = 54159 | bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W| author2-link = Otto Kandler| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="woese1978">{{cite journal | last1 = Woese | first1 = C.R.| author-link1 = Carl Woese | last2 = Magrum | first2 = L.J. | last3 = Fox | first3 = G.E.| author-link3 = George E. Fox | title = Archaebacteria | journal = J Mol Evol | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–51 | year = 1978 | pmid = 691075 | doi = 10.1007/BF01734485| bibcode = 1978JMolE..11..245W }}</ref><ref name="woese1977">{{cite journal | issn = 0027-8424| volume = 74| issue = 11| pages = 5088–5090| last1 = Woese| first1 = C. R.| author-link1 = Carl Woese| author2 = G. E. Fox| author-link2 = George E. Fox| title = Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| date = 1977-11-01| pmid = 270744 | pmc = 432104| doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088| bibcode = 1977PNAS...74.5088W| doi-access = free}}{{open access}}</ref><ref name="morell1997"/> He also originated the [[RNA world hypothesis]] in 1967, although not by that name.<ref name="woese1967">{{Cite book | publisher = Harper & Row | last = Woese | first = Carl | title = The Genetic Code: the Molecular basis for Genetic Expression | location = New York | year = 1967 | author-link = Carl Woese}}</ref> Woese held the [[Stanley O. Ikenberry]] Chair and was professor of microbiology at the [[University of Illinois
| last1 = Goldenfeld | first1 = N.
| last2 = Pace | first2 = N. R.
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|title = U. of I. microbiologist Carl Woese elected to Royal Society
|access-date = 2009-03-02
|work = News Bureau, University of Illinois
|date = 2006-05-19
|url-status = dead
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Carl Woese was born in Syracuse, New York, on July 15, 1928. Woese attended [[Deerfield Academy]] in [[Massachusetts]]. He received a bachelor's degree in [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] from [[Amherst College]] in 1950. During his time at Amherst, Woese took only one biology course ([[Biochemistry]], in his senior year) and had "no scientific interest in plants and animals" until advised by [[William M. Fairbank]], then an assistant professor of physics at Amherst, to pursue [[biophysics]] at [[Yale]].<ref name="woese2005qa">{{Cite journal | last1 = Woese | first1 = C. R. | author-link = Carl Woese| title = Q & A | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.003 | journal = Current Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = R111–R112 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15723774| s2cid = 45434594 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
In 1953, he completed a [[PhD]] in [[biophysics]] at [[Yale University]], where his doctoral research focused on the inactivation of [[virus]]es by heat and [[ionizing radiation]].<ref name=mcb>{{cite web |url=http://mcb.illinois.edu/faculty/profile/1204 |title=Carl R Woese, Professor of Microbiology |publisher=University of Illinois
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-199-73438-2
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|work=The News-Gazette: Serving East Central Illinois
|date=2012-12-30
}}</ref> In 1964, Woese joined the microbiology faculty of the University of Illinois
Woese died on December 30, 2012, following complications from [[pancreatic cancer]], leaving as survivors his wife Gabriella and a son and daughter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/carl-woese-dies-evolutionary-biologist-was-84/2013/01/19/a91a051c-61e9-11e2-b05a-605528f6b712_story.html |title=Carl Woese dies; evolutionary biologist was 84 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2013-01-19 |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref><ref name="uofiigb2012">{{cite web
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|title = Carl R. Woese: 1928 – 2012
|access-date = 2012-12-30
|work = News, The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois
|date = 2012-12-30
|url-status = dead
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|bibcode = 1961Natur.190..697W | s2cid = 4221490 }}</ref> Other work established the mechanistic basis of protein translation, but in Woese's view, largely overlooked the genetic code's evolutionary origins as an afterthought.<ref name="pnas2012"/>
In 1962, Woese spent several months as a visiting researcher at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in [[Paris]], a locus of intense activity on the molecular biology of gene expression and gene regulation.<ref name="sapp2009"/> While in Paris, he met [[Sol Spiegelman]], who invited Woese to visit the [[
=== Discovery of the third domain ===
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[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:People from Syracuse, New York]]
[[Category:University of Illinois
[[Category:Leeuwenhoek Medal winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer]]
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