Carl Woese: Difference between revisions

|work_institutions = [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]

|notable_students = [[David Stahl (biologist)|David Stahl]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mcb.illinois.edu/departments/microbiology/downloads/history_of_microbiology_at_illinois.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mcb.illinois.edu/departments/microbiology/downloads/history_of_microbiology_at_illinois.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=History of the Department of Microbiology |publisher=University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbana–Champaign |date=2015-06-01 |access-date=2017-03-09}}</ref>

'''Carl Richard Woese''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|oʊ|z}};<ref name="sayhow">{{cite web | editor-last = Hagen | editor-first = Ray | title = Say How? A Pronunciation Guide to Names of Public Figures | work = National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped | date = August 2012 | url = https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/standards-guidelines/uvwx/#w }}</ref> July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American [[microbiologist]] and [[biophysicist]]. Woese is famous for defining the [[Archaea]] (a new [[domain (biology)|domain]] of life) in 1977 through a pioneering [[phylogenetic]] [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of [[16S ribosomal RNA]], a technique that has revolutionized microbiology.<ref name="Woese_1990">{{cite journal | last1 = Woese | first1 = Carl R.| author-link1 = Carl Woese | last2 = Kandler | first2 = O | last3 = Wheelis | first3= M | title = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | pages = 4576–9 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2112744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | pmc = 54159 | bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W| author2-link = Otto Kandler| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="woese1978">{{cite journal | last1 = Woese | first1 = C.R.| author-link1 = Carl Woese | last2 = Magrum | first2 = L.J. | last3 = Fox | first3 = G.E.| author-link3 = George E. Fox | title = Archaebacteria | journal = J Mol Evol | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–51 | year = 1978 | pmid = 691075 | doi = 10.1007/BF01734485| bibcode = 1978JMolE..11..245W }}</ref><ref name="woese1977">{{cite journal | issn = 0027-8424| volume = 74| issue = 11| pages = 5088–5090| last1 = Woese| first1 = C. R.| author-link1 = Carl Woese| author2 = G. E. Fox| author-link2 = George E. Fox| title = Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| date = 1977-11-01| pmid = 270744 | pmc = 432104| doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088| bibcode = 1977PNAS...74.5088W| doi-access = free}}{{open access}}</ref><ref name="morell1997"/> He also originated the [[RNA world hypothesis]] in 1967, although not by that name.<ref name="woese1967">{{Cite book | publisher = Harper & Row | last = Woese | first = Carl | title = The Genetic Code: the Molecular basis for Genetic Expression | location = New York | year = 1967 | author-link = Carl Woese}}</ref> Woese held the [[Stanley O. Ikenberry]] Chair and was professor of microbiology at the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana–Champaign]].<ref name="natureobit">{{Cite journal | last1 = Noller | first1 = H. | author-link = Harry F. Noller| title = Carl Woese (1928–2012) Discoverer of life's third domain, the Archaea| doi = 10.1038/493610a | journal = Nature | volume = 493 | issue = 7434 | page = 610 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23364736|bibcode = 2013Natur.493..610N | s2cid = 205076152 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal

|work = News Bureau, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

In 1953, he completed a [[PhD]] in [[biophysics]] at [[Yale University]], where his doctoral research focused on the inactivation of [[virus]]es by heat and [[ionizing radiation]].<ref name=mcb>{{cite web |url=http://mcb.illinois.edu/faculty/profile/1204 |title=Carl R Woese, Professor of Microbiology |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign |access-date=February 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213210457/http://mcb.illinois.edu/faculty/profile/1204 |archive-date=February 13, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="sapp2009"/> He studied medicine at the [[University of Rochester]] for two years, quitting two days into a [[pediatrics]] rotation.<ref name="sapp2009">{{Cite book

}}</ref> In 1964, Woese joined the microbiology faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he focused on Archaea, genomics, and [[molecular evolution]] as his areas of expertise.<ref name="uofi2006"/><ref name=mcb /><ref name=newsgazette /> He became a professor at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]]'s [[Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology]], which was renamed in his honor in 2015, after his death.<ref name=newsgazette />

|work = News, The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana–Champaign

In 1962, Woese spent several months as a visiting researcher at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in [[Paris]], a locus of intense activity on the molecular biology of gene expression and gene regulation.<ref name="sapp2009"/> While in Paris, he met [[Sol Spiegelman]], who invited Woese to visit the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] after hearing his research goals; at this visit Spiegelman offered Woese a position with immediate [[tenure]] beginning in the fall of 1964.<ref name="sapp2009"/> With the freedom to patiently pursue more speculative threads of inquiry outside the mainstream of biological research, Woese began to consider the genetic code in evolutionary terms, asking how the codon assignments and their translation into an amino acid sequence might have evolved.<ref name="sapp2009"/><ref name="woese1964">{{Cite journal | last1 = Woese | first1 = C. R. | author-link1 = Carl Woese| last2 = Hinegardner | first2 = R. T. | last3 = Engelberg | first3 = J. | doi = 10.1126/science.144.3621.1030 | title = Universality in the Genetic Code | journal = Science | volume = 144 | issue = 3621 | pages = 1030–1031 | year = 1964 | pmid = 14137944|bibcode = 1964Sci...144.1030W | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Category:University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana–Champaign faculty]]