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Line 222: ===Application of the act outside pure commerce=== While the Act was aimed at regulating businesses, its prohibition of contracts restricting commerce was applied to the activities of labor unions until the 1930s.<ref name="Clark 1948">{{cite journal \|last1=Clark \|first1=O. L. \|date=January 1948 \|title=Application of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to Unions since the Apex Case \|journal=Smu Law Review \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=~~94-103~~94–103 \|url=https://scholar.smu.edu/smulr/vol2/iss1/6}}</ref> This is because unions were characterized as cartels as well (cartels of laborers).<ref>See {{ussc\|name=Loewe v. Lawlor\|link=\|volume=208\|page=274\|pin=\|year=1908}}.</ref> In 1914 the [[Clayton Antitrust Act\|Clayton Act]] created exceptions for certain union activities, but the Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering]]'' that the actions allowed by the Act were already legal. Congress included provisions in the [[Norris–La Guardia Act]] in 1932 to more explicitly exempt organized labor from antitrust enforcement, and the Supreme Court upheld these exemptions in ''United States v. Hutcheson'' [https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/312/219/ 312 U.S. 219].<ref name="Clark 1948"></ref> ==Preemption by Section 1 of state statutes that restrain competition== Line 318: * Antitrust Division's [http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/guidelines/lencorp.htm "Corporate Leniency Policy"] * [http://www.polyconomics.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1605:antitrust-by-alan-greenspan&catid=47:1998&Itemid=31 ''Antitrust''] by [[Alan Greenspan]] * "Labor and the Sherman Act" (1940). ''[[Yale Law Journal]]'' 49(3) p. 518. {{~~jstor~~JSTOR\|792668}}. * Dr. Edward W. Younkins (February 19, 2000). [http://www.quebecoislibre.org/000219-13.htm "Antitrust Laws Should Be Abolished"].

Sherman Antitrust Act: Difference between revisions