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In 1992, both Hewlett-Packard and Digital Equipment Corporation broke the difficult 100 MHz limit with [[RISC]] techniques in the PA-7100 and AXP 21064 [[DEC Alpha]] respectively. In 1995, [[Intel Corporation|Intel's]] [[P5 (microarchitecture)|P5]] [[Pentium (brand)|Pentium]] chip ran at 100 MHz (100 million cycles per second). On March 6, 2000, [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] demonstrated passing the 1 GHz milestone a few days ahead of Intel shipping 1 GHz in systems. In 2002, an Intel [[Pentium 4]] model was introduced as the first CPU with a clock rate of 3 GHz (three billion cycles per second corresponding to ~ 0.33 [[nanosecond]]s per cycle). Since then, the clock rate of production processors has increased much more slowly, with performance improvements coming from other design changes.
Set in 2011, the [[Guinness World Record]] for the highest CPU clock rate is 8.42938 GHz with an [[Overclocking|overclocked]] AMD FX-8150 [[Bulldozer (microarchitecture)|Bulldozer]]-based chip in an [[Liquid helium|LHe]]/[[Liquid nitrogen|LN2]] cryobath, 5 GHz [[Air cooling|on air]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/98281-highest-clock-frequency-achieved-by-a-silicon-processor|title = Highest clock frequency achieved by a silicon processor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Marco |last=Chiappetta |date=23 September 2011 |url=http://hothardware.com/News/AMD-Breaks-Frequency-Record-with-Upcoming-FX-Processor/ |title=AMD Breaks 8 GHz Overclock with Upcoming FX Processor, Sets World Record with AMD FX 8350 |publisher=HotHardware |access-date=2012-04-28 |archive-date=2015-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310020437/http://hothardware.com/News/AMD-Breaks-Frequency-Record-with-Upcoming-FX-Processor |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is surpassed by the [[CPU-Z]] [[overclocking]] record for the highest CPU clock rate at 8.79433 GHz with an AMD FX-8350 [[Piledriver (microarchitecture)|Piledriver]]-based chip bathed in [[Liquid nitrogen|LN2]], achieved in November 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://valid.x86.fr/records.html|title=CPU-Z Validator - World Records}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rog.asus.com/articles/crosshair-motherboards/8-79ghz-fx-8350-is-the-fastest-ever-cpu/|title=8.79GHz FX-8350 is the Fastest Ever CPU | ROG - Republic of Gamers Global}}</ref> It is also surpassed by the slightly slower AMD FX-8370 overclocked to 8.72 GHz which tops of the [[HWBOT]] frequency rankings.<ref name=James>{{cite news |last=James |first=Dave |date=16 December 2019 |title=AMD's Ryzen rules overclocking world records… but can't beat a 5 year-old chip|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/amd/cpu-overclocking-world-records |work= pcgamesn |access-date=23 November 2021}} </ref><ref name=HWBOTranks>{{cite web |url=https://hwbot.org/benchmark/cpu_frequency/rankings#start=0#interval=20 |title=CPU Frequency: Hall of Fame |website= hwbot.org |publisher=HWBOT |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref> These records were broken in late 2022 when an Intel Core i9-13900K was overclocked to 9.
|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/overclockers-surpass-elusive-9ghz-new-world-record/ |work=digitaltrends |location= |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
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