Content deleted Content added
Add banner {{Cleanup bare URLs}}. After at least 7 passes by @Citation bot since 20220821, this article still has 1 untagged bare URL ref |
SleepyJanus (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 7:
* [[Abortus]] is the number of pregnancies that were lost prior to viable gestational age for any reason, including induced abortions or [[miscarriage]]s but not stillbirths. The abortus term is sometimes dropped when no pregnancies have been lost.
==Gravidity in
In human medicine, "gravidity" refers to the number of times a woman has been [[pregnant]],<ref name="Gravidity and Parity Definitions" /> regardless of whether the pregnancies were interrupted or resulted in a [[Live birth (human)|live birth]]:
* The term "'''gravida'''" can be used to refer to a pregnant woman.
* A "'''nulligravida'''" is a woman who has never been pregnant.
* A "'''primigravida'''" is a woman who is pregnant for the first time or has been pregnant once.
* A "'''multigravida'''" or "'''secundigravida'''" is a woman who has been pregnant more than once.
Terms such as "gravida 0", referring to a nulligravida, "gravida 1" for a primigravida, and so on, can also be used. The term "elderly primigravida" has also been used to refer to a woman in their first pregnancy who is at least 35 years old.<ref name="pmid3609426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brassil MJ, Turner MJ, Egan DM, MacDonald DW|title=Obstetric outcome in first-time mothers aged 40 years and over|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=115–20 |date=June 1987 |pmid=3609426 |doi=10.1016/0028-2243(87)90114-6}}</ref> [[Advanced maternal age]] can be a risk factor for some birth defects.
Line 31:
===Nulliparity===
A ''nulliparous'' ({{IPAc-en|n|ʌ|l|ˈ|ɪ|p|ə|r|ə|s}}) woman (a ''nullipara'' or ''para 0'') has never given birth. It includes women who have experienced [[Miscarriage|spontaneous miscarriages]] and [[induced abortions]] before the mid-point of pregnancy, but not women who have experienced [[Stillbirth|pregnancy loss after 20 weeks]]. Nulliparity has been implicated in the development of various complications during pregnancy including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and pre-term labor.
Long-term and permanent nulliparity ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ʌ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ær|ᵻ|t|i}}) are [[risk factor for breast cancer|risk factors for breast cancer]]. For instance, a meta-analysis of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that never giving birth was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer compared with women who have given birth, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Women having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2145231 |year=1990 |vauthors=Ewertz M, Duffy SW, Adami HO |title=Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=597–603 |journal=International Journal of Cancer |doi=10.1002/ijc.2910460408 |s2cid=32387496 |display-authors=etal }}</ref>
| |||