Content deleted Content added
Change succession box title: "French nobility" is more exact |
m Added infobox. |
||
Line 2:
{{For|homonyms|Charles of Lorraine (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
[[Image:Cardinal de Lorraine.jpg|thumb|right|Charles, cardinal de Lorraine (1550) by [[François Clouet]]]]▼
| type = Cardinal
[[Image:COA Cardinal de Lorraine.svg|thumb|Coat of arms]]▼
| name = Charles de Lorraine
| alt =
| image = Cardinal de Lorraine.jpg
| title = [[Cardinal]], [[Archbishop of Rheims]]
| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Rheims|Rheims]]
| term = 1538-1574
| other_post = [[Cardinal-priest]] of [[Sant'Apollinare, Rome|Sant'Apollinare]] ''1555-1574''
| cardinal = 4 November 1547
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Paul III]]
| rank = Cardinal-priest
| birth_date = 17 February 1525
| birth_place = [[Joinville, Haute-Marne|Joinville, France]]
| death_date = 25 December 1574 (aged 49)
| death_place = [[Avignon|Avignon, France]]
| previous_post = [[Bishop of Metz]] ''1550-1551''
[[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor Bishop]] of Metz ''1547-1550''
[[Cardinal-priest]] of Santa Cecilia ''1547-1555''
▲
| image_size = 190px
| consecration = 8 February 1545
| consecrated_by = [[Claude de Longwy de Givry]]
}}
'''Charles de Lorraine''' (17 February 1524 – 26 December 1574), [[Duke of Chevreuse]], was a French [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], a member of the powerful [[House of Guise]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=House of Guise {{!}} French family|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/house-of-Guise|access-date=2021-04-19|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> He was known at first as the Cardinal of Guise, and then as the second Cardinal of [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]], after the death of his uncle, [[Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine]] (1550). He was the protector of [[François Rabelais]] and [[Pierre de Ronsard]] and founded [[Reims_University_(1548–1793)|Reims University]].{{sfn|Konnert|2016|p=52}} He is sometimes known as the Cardinal de Lorraine.
Line 13 ⟶ 36:
In March 1558 de Pierceville wrote to the Cardinal about building works and furnishing of the royal palaces, including the [[Louvre]] with tapestry and hangings of cloth of gold and cloth of silver. He wondered how the heraldry of the Cardinal's niece [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] and the [[Francis II of France|Dauphin]] should be blazoned, and whether she had an open or imperial crown.<ref>''HMC Laing Manuscripts at the University of Edinburgh'', vol. 1 (London, 1914), pp. 14-5.</ref>
Although, as the Archbishop of Reims, he crowned successively Henry II, [[Francis II of France|Francis II]] and [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]], he had a personal policy which was often at variance with that of the court. This policy rendered him at times an enigma to his contemporaries. The chronicler [[Pierre de L'Estoile]] accused him of great duplicity; [[Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme|Brantôme]] spoke of his "deeply stained soul, churchman though he was", accused him of skepticism and claimed to have heard him occasionally speak half approvingly of the [[Confession of Augsburg]]. Many libelous pamphlets aroused against him strong religious and political passions. From 1560, at least twenty-two were in circulation and fell into his hands; they damaged his reputation with posterity as well as among his contemporaries. One of them, "La Guerre Cardinale" (1565), accuses him of seeking to restore to the Holy Roman Empire the three former [[Three Bishoprics|prince-bishoprics]] of [[Metz]], [[Toul]] and [[Verdun]], in Lorraine, which had been conquered by Henry II. A discourse attributed to [[Théodore de Bèze]] (1566) denounced the pluralism of the cardinal in the matter of [[benefice]]s.[[Image:CharlesdeGuise.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Charles of Guise by [[El Greco]].|393x393px]]Under Charles IX, the Cardinal of Guise constantly alternated between disgrace and favour. In 1562, he attended the [[Council of Trent]].{{sfn|Carroll|2009|p=157-158}} Louis de Saint-Gélais, Sieur de Lansac, Arnaud du Ferrier, president of the [[Parlement]] of Paris, and [[Guy de Faur de Pibrac]], royal counsellor, who represented Charles IX at the council from 26 May 1562, towards the end of the year were joined by the Cardinal Lorraine. He was instructed to arrive at an understanding with the Germans, who proposed to reform the church in head and members and to authorize at once Communion under Both Kinds, prayers in the vernacular and the marriage of the clergy.
In the reform articles which he presented (2 January 1563), he was silent on the last point, but petitioned for the other two. [[Pius IV]] was indignant, and the cardinal denounced Rome as the source of all abuses. In the questions of precedence which arose between him and the Spanish ambassador, Count de Luna, Pius IV decided for the latter. However, in September 1563, on a visit to Rome, the cardinal, intent perhaps on securing the pope's assistance for the political ambitions of the Guises, professed opinions less decidedly [[Gallicanism|Gallican]]. Moreover, when he learned that the French ambassadors, who had left the council, were dissatisfied because the [[papal legate]]s had obtained from the council approval of a project for the "reformation of the princes", which the latter deemed contrary to the liberties of the [[Catholic Church in France]] (the "Gallican church"), he endeavoured, though without success, to bring about the return of the ambassadors, prevailed on the legates to withdraw the objectionable articles and strove to secure the immediate publication in France of the decrees of the council; this, however, was refused by [[Catherine de' Medici]].<ref name="Catholic">{{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=House of Guise|inline=1|last=Goyau|first=Georges|year=1910|volume=7}}</ref>
Line 24 ⟶ 43:
==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Portal|Biography}}
==Sources==
| |||