Mount Tongariro: Difference between revisions

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Mount Tongariro and its surroundings are also one of the several locations which [[Peter Jackson]] chose to shoot [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy]].
===Eruptive history===
The oldest recorded volcanism in the area was at 933,000 ± 46,000 years ago at [[Hauhungatahi]], northwest of Ruapehu. There is then a gap in identified materials until a small lava inlier on the western side of Tongariro that has been dated at 512,000 ± 59,000 years ago and is essentially buried by more recent activity.<ref name="RuapehuTongariro2021Review">{{Cite journal|last1= Leonard|first1=Graham S.|last2=Cole|first2=Rosie P.|last3=Christenson|first3=Bruce W. |last4 = Conway|first4=Chris E.|last5=Cronin|first5=Shane J.|last6=Gamble|first6=John A.|last7=Hurst|first7=Tony|last8=Kennedy|first8=Ben M.|last9= Miller |first9=Craig A.|last10=Procter|first10=Jonathan N.|last11=Pure|first11=Leo R.|last12=Townsend|first12=Dougal B.|last13=White|first13=James D. L.|last14=Wilson|first14=Colin J. N.|date=2021-05-02|title=Ruapehu and Tongariro stratovolcanoes: a review of current understanding|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288306.2021.1909080|journal= New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |language=en |volume=64|pages=389–420 |doi=10.1080/00288306.2021.1909080|issue=2–3|s2cid=235502116 }}</ref> The {{convert|90|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} cone and {{convert|60|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} ring-plain of the complex has multiple eruptive centres aligned with the [[Taupō Volcanic Zone|Taupō volcanic rift]] and bounded by the Waihi and Poutu fault zones. The formation of these began about 304,000 years ago in the Tama lakes area and definitely was established by 230,000 years ago.<ref name ="Pure2020">{{Cite journal|last1= Pure|first1=L. R.|last2=Leonard |first2=G. S.|last3=Townsend|first3=D. B. |last4 = Wilson|first4=C. J. N.|last5=Calvert|first5=A. T.|last6=Calvert|first6=A. T. |last7=Cole |first7=R. P. |last8=Conway|first8=C. E.|last9= Gamble |first9=J. A.|last10=Smith|first10=T. B.|title=A high resolution 40Ar/39Ar lava chronology and edifice construction history for Tongariro Volcano, New Zealand|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377027320301086|journal= Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. |language=en |volume=402|pages=106993|date = 2020-10-01 |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106993|bibcode=2020JVGR..40306993P }}</ref> The eruptive centres extend from the Te Maari craters in the northeast to the Tama Lakes in the southwest and include the more classic cone of [[Mount Ngauruhoe|Mount Ngāuruhoe]] which like North Crater, another symmetrical but smaller cone, required the absence of ice after the last ice age to form. Tongariro displays evidence for extensive Quaternary glaciation in the form of moraines and lava-ice interaction textures.<ref name= "Pure2020" /> However Pukeonake is off this axis, approximately 6 km west of the linear vent zone, but is considered to be a satellite vent. There was an intense period of large explosive eruptions around 11,000 years ago from multiple vents between Tongariro and Ruapehu (the Pahoka-Mangamate sequence).<ref name="RuapehuTongariro2021Review" />
 
====2012 Te Māri eruptions====