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| genus = Anas
| species = superciliosa
| authority = [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1789
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = See text
}}
The '''Pacific black duck''' (''Anas superciliosa''), commonly known as the '''PBD''', is a [[dabbling duck]] found in much of [[Indonesia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and many islands in the southwestern Pacific, reaching to the [[Caroline Islands]] in the north and [[French Polynesia]] in the east. It is usually called the '''grey duck''' in New Zealand, where it is also known by its Maori name, {{lang|mi|pārera}}.{{short description|Species of bird}}
==Taxonomy==
The Pacific black duck was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1789 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with all the other ducks, geese and swans in the [[genus]] ''[[Anas]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Anas superciliosa''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1789 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 2 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=537 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2656030 }}</ref> Gmelin based his description on the "Supercilious duck" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] in his ''A General Synopsis of Birds''. The naturalist [[Joseph Banks]] had provided Latham with a drawing of the duck from New Zealand.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Latham | first=John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1785 | title=A General Synopsis of Birds | volume=3, Part 2 | publisher=Printed for Leigh and Sotheby | location=London | page=497, No. 45 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40079318 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=472 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109112 }}</ref>
Two [[subspecies]] are now recognised:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Screamers, ducks, geese & swans | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waterfowl/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=4 July 2022 }}</ref>
* ''A.
* ''A.
A third subspecies, ''rogersi'' from Australia, has sometimes been recognised but it not distinguishable either genetically or phenotypically from the [[nominate subspecies|nominate race]].<ref name=nzbirds/>
==Description==
This sociable [[duck]] is found in a variety of wetland habitats, and its nesting habits are much like those of the [[mallard]], which is encroaching on its range in New Zealand.<ref name=Rhymer1996/> It feeds by upending, like other ''Anas'' ducks.
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Like its relatives the [[mallard]] and [[American black duck]], the Pacific black duck is one of a number of duck species that can quack, with the female producing a sequence of raucous, rapid quacking which decreases in volume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/species/8243|title=Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck|website=Museums Victoria Collections|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref>
▲* ''A. superciliosa pelewensis'' {{small|[[Gustav Hartlaub|Hartlaub]] & [[Otto Finsch|Finsch]], 1872}} – island black duck, breeds on the southwest Pacific islands and northern [[New Guinea]]
▲* ''A. superciliosa superciliosa'' {{small|Gmelin, 1789}} − Australasian duck, breeds in [[Indonesia]], southern [[New Guinea]], Australia and New Zealand, where it is known as the Grey duck or Pārera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grey duck {{!}} Pārera {{!}} New Zealand Birds Online |url=https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/grey-duck |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=nzbirdsonline.org.nz}}</ref>
The Pacific black duck has declined sharply in numbers in New Zealand and several Australian islands due to competition from and hybridisation with the introduced mallard.<ref name="Gillespie" /> Rhymer ''et al.'' (1994) say their data "points to the eventual loss of identity of the grey duck as a separate species in New Zealand, and the subsequent dominance of a hybrid swarm akin to the Mariana Mallard." Studies of their three species of parasitic feather lice support this prediction.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The ectoparasites of hybrid ducks in New Zealand (Mallard x Grey Duck)|last=Bulgarella|first=M|date=2018|journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife|volume=7|issue=3|pages=335–342|doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.005|pmc=6154467|pmid=30258780}}</ref> This same impact is occurring in many areas of Australia, Tasmania and Adelaide in particular.
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