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'''Dilmun''', or '''Telmun''',<ref>The former is the reconstructed Sumerian pronunciation; the latter is the reconstructed Semitic.</ref> (Sumerian: [[File:Dilmun (early Sumerian pictograph).jpg|15px]],<ref>Transliteration: {{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P222359 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref>Similar text: {{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P222363 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref> later 𒉌𒌇(𒆠), ni.tuk<sup>ki</sup> = DILMUN<sup>ki</sup>; {{lang-ar|دلمون}}) was an ancient [[East Semitic]]-speaking [[civilization]] in [[Eastern Arabia]] mentioned from the 3rd millennium BC onwards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22596270|title=Bahrain digs unveil one of oldest civilizations|publisher=[[BBC]]|work=BBC News|date=2013-05-21|last1=Smith|first1=Sylvia}}</ref><ref name="uns">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1192 |title=Qal'at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>
Based on contextual evidence, it was located in the [[Persian Gulf]], on a [[trade route]] between [[Mesopotamia]] and the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], close to the sea and to [[artesian aquifer|artesian springs]].<ref name="hoj">{{cite journal|author=Jesper Eidema, Flemming Højlund |date=1993 |title=Trade or diplomacy? Assyria and Dilmun in the eighteenth century BC|journal=World Archaeology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=441–448 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1993.9980218}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=2BevKadehakC |page=8 }} |title=Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbors|work=Harriet E. W. Crawford|year=1998|page=9}}
The great commercial and trading connections between Mesopotamia and Dilmun were strong and profound to the point where Dilmun was a central figure to the Sumerian creation myth.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Arab world: an illustrated history p.4</ref> Dilmun was described in the saga of Enki and Ninhursag as pre-existing in paradisiacal state, where predators do not kill, pain and diseases are absent, and people do not get old.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
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[[File:Dilmun period (3200-320 BC) burial chambers at Saar, Bahrain.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Ruins of a settlement, believed to be from the Dilmun civilization, in [[Sar, Bahrain]]]]
[[File:AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg|thumb|300px|Location of burial mounds in Bahrain]]
In 1987, Theresa Howard-Carter proposed that Dilmun of this era might be a still unidentified tell near the Arvand Rud (Shatt al-Arab in Arabic) between modern-day Quanah and Basra in modern-day Iraq.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Theresa |last=Howard-Carter |title=Dilmun: At Sea or Not at Sea? A Review Article |journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |year=1987 |pages=54–117 |jstor=1359986 |doi=10.2307/1359986 |s2cid=163963264 }}</ref> In favor of Howard-Carter's proposal, it has been noted that this area does lie to the east of Sumer ("where the sun rises"), and the riverbank where Dilmun's maidens would have been accosted aligns with the [[Shat al-Arab]] which is in the midst of marshes. The "mouth of the rivers" where Dilmun was said to lie is for her the union of the Tigris and Euphrates at Qurnah. A number of scholars have suggested that Dilmun originally designated the eastern province of modern [[Saudi Arabia]], notably linked with the major Dilmunite settlements of Umm an-Nussi and Umm ar-Ramadh in the interior and [[Tarout Island|Tarout]] on the coast.<ref>Roads of Arabia p.180</ref>
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===Garden of Eden theory===
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