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'''Dilmun''', or '''Telmun''',<ref>The former is the reconstructed Sumerian pronunciation; the latter is the reconstructed Semitic.</ref> (Sumerian: [[File:Dilmun (early Sumerian pictograph).jpg|15px]],<ref>Transliteration: {{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P222359 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref>Similar text: {{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P222363 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref> later 𒉌𒌇(𒆠), ni.tuk<sup>ki</sup> = DILMUN<sup>ki</sup>; {{lang-ar|دلمون}}) was an ancient [[East Semitic]]-speaking [[civilization]] in [[Eastern Arabia]] mentioned from the 3rd millennium BC onwards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22596270|title=Bahrain digs unveil one of oldest civilizations|publisher=[[BBC]]|work=BBC News|date=2013-05-21|last1=Smith|first1=Sylvia}}</ref><ref name="uns">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1192 |title=Qal'at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>
Based on contextual evidence, it was located in the [[Persian Gulf]], on a [[trade route]] between [[Mesopotamia]] and the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], close to the sea and to [[artesian aquifer|artesian springs]].<ref name="hoj">{{cite journal|author=Jesper Eidema, Flemming Højlund |date=1993 |title=Trade or diplomacy? Assyria and Dilmun in the eighteenth century BC|journal=World Archaeology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=441–448 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1993.9980218}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=2BevKadehakC |page=8 }} |title=Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbors|work=Harriet E. W. Crawford|year=1998|page=9}}</ref> A number of scholars have suggested that Dilmun originally designated the eastern province of modern [[Saudi Arabia]], notably linked with the major Dilmunite settlements of Umm an-Nussi and Umm ar-Ramadh in the interior and [[Tarout Island|Tarout]] on the coast.<ref>Roads of Arabia p.180</ref> Dilmun encompassed [[Bahrain]],<ref>{{cite web|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=fhMTRcUm9WsC |page=7 }} |title=The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer|work=[[Jean-Jacques Glassner]]|year=1990|page=7}}</ref> [[Kuwait]],<ref name=ak>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/g-wzw-SeJic Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140601050803/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-wzw-SeJic&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-wzw-SeJic&t=171|title=Kuwait's archaeological sites reflect human history & civilizations (2:50 – 3:02)|work=Ministry of Interior News}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=umm>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223078|last1=Calvet|first1=Yves|title=Failaka and the Northern Part of Dilmun|year=1989|volume=19|journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|pages=5–11|jstor=41223078}}</ref><ref name="archa">{{cite web|work=Cardiff University|title=The Archaeology of Kuwait|url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/41961/7/Almutari%20PhD.pdf|pages=5–427}}</ref> and the eastern portion regions of [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=EwBuAAAAMAAJ |page=32 }} |title=Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula: Bahrain|work=M. A. Nayeem|year=1990|page=32}}</ref> This area is certainly what is meant by references to "Dilmun" among the lands conquered by King [[Sargon II]] and his descendants.
The great commercial and trading connections between Mesopotamia and Dilmun were strong and profound to the point where Dilmun was a central figure to the Sumerian creation myth.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Arab world: an illustrated history p.4</ref> Dilmun was described in the saga of Enki and Ninhursag as pre-existing in paradisiacal state, where predators do not kill, pain and diseases are absent, and people do not get old.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
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In 1987, Theresa Howard-Carter proposed that Dilmun of this era might be a still unidentified tell near the Arvand Rud (Shatt al-Arab in Arabic) between modern-day Quanah and Basra in modern-day Iraq.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Theresa |last=Howard-Carter |title=Dilmun: At Sea or Not at Sea? A Review Article |journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |year=1987 |pages=54–117 |jstor=1359986 |doi=10.2307/1359986 |s2cid=163963264 }}</ref> In favor of Howard-Carter's proposal, it has been noted that this area does lie to the east of Sumer ("where the sun rises"), and the riverbank where Dilmun's maidens would have been accosted aligns with the [[Shat al-Arab]] which is in the midst of marshes. The "mouth of the rivers" where Dilmun was said to lie is for her the union of the Tigris and Euphrates at Qurnah.
As of 2021, archaeologists have failed to find a site in existence during the time from 3300 BC (Uruk IV) to 556 BC (Neo-Babylonian Era), when Dilmun appears in texts. According to Hojlund, no settlements exist in the Gulf littoral dating to 3300–2000 BC.
===Garden of Eden theory===
In 1922, [[Eduard Glaser]] proposed that the Garden of Eden was located in Eastern Arabia within the Dilmun civilization.<ref>{{cite journal |author=W. F. Albright |date=October 1922 |title=The Location of the Garden of Eden|jstor=528684 |journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=15–31 |doi=10.1086/369964|s2cid=170465632 }}</ref> Scholar [[Juris Zarins]] also believes that the Garden of Eden was situated in Dilmun at the head of the Persian Gulf
==Known rulers==
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