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In Europe, significant contributions to Musar literature were made by leaders of the [[Haskalah]].<ref>Shmuel Feiner, David Jan Sorkin, ''New perspectives on the Haskalah'', page 49</ref><ref>David Sorkin, The transformation of German Jewry, 1780-1840, page 46</ref> [[Naphtali Hirz Wessely]] wrote a Musar text titled ''Sefer Ha-Middot'' (Book of Virtues) in approximately 1786. [[Menachem Mendel Lefin]] of [[Satanov]] wrote a text titled ''Cheshbon Ha-Nefesh'' (Moral Accounting) in 1809, based in part on the ethical program described in the autobiography of [[Benjamin Franklin#Virtue|Benjamin Franklin]].<ref>Nancy Sinkoff, ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvzpv5tn Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands]'' (Brown Judaic Studies, 2020), pp. 50-167; Shai Afsai, "[https://brill.com/view/journals/rrj/22/2/article-p228_5.xml Benjamin Franklin’s Influence on ''Mussar'' Thought and Practice: a Chronicle of Misapprehension]," ''Review of Rabbinic Judaism'' 22, 2 (2019): 228-276; Shai Afsai, "The Sage, the Prince & the Rabbi," ''Philalethes'' 64, 3 (2011): 101-109,128.</ref>
=== Hasidic
One form of literature in the [[Hasidic]] movement were tracts collecting and instructing mystical-ethical practices. These include [[Tzavaat HaRivash]] ("Testament of Rabbi [[Baal Shem Tov|Yisroel Baal Shem]]") and Tzetl Koton by [[Elimelech of Lizhensk]], a seventeen-point program on how to be a good Jew. Rabbi [[Nachman of Breslov]]'s Sefer ha-Middot is a [[Hasidic]] classic of Musar literature.
=== Mitnagdic and Yeshivish Musar literature ===
The "Musar letter" of the [[Vilna Gaon]], an ethical will by an [[Mitnagdim|opponent]] of the Hasidic movement, is regarded by some as a classic of Musar literature.<ref>[http://www.mussarinstitute.org/wisdom-way.htm "The Mussar Way"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720005908/http://www.mussarinstitute.org/wisdom-way.htm |date=2012-07-20 }}, Mussar Institute website, accessed 11-22-2010</ref> Many of the writings of [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]] have also been described as Musar literature.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rabbi Dov Katz|title=Musar movement: Its history, leading personalities and doctrines|publisher=Feldheim Publishers|year=1996|edition=new}}</ref>
=== Literature by the Musar movement ===
{{Main|Musar movement}}
The modern [[Musar movement]], beginning in the 19th century, encouraged the organised study of medieval Musar literature to an unprecedented degree, while also producing its own Musar literature. Significant Musar writings were produced by leaders of the movement such as Rabbis [[Israel Salanter]], [[Simcha Zissel Ziv]], [[Yosef Yozel Horwitz
== References ==
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