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The permanent nucleus of Isauria was north of the Taurus range which lies directly to south of [[Iconium]] and [[Lystra]]. [[Lycaonia]] had all the [[Iconium|Iconian]] plain; but Isauria began as soon as the foothills were reached. Its two original towns, Isaura Nea and Isaura Palaea, lay, one among these foothills (Doria) and the other on the [[water divide|watershed]] ([[Zengibar Kalesi]]),<ref name=EB1911/> located at approximately 37°29′N 32°12′E near Bozkir.
In the 4th century BC, Isauria was the wild district about Isaura Palaea and the heads of the [[Calycadnus]].<ref name=EB1911/> When the capital, Isaura (also known as Isaura Vetus or [[Isaura Palaea]]), a strongly fortified city at the foot of Mt. Taurus, was besieged by [[Perdiccas]], the [[Macedon]]ian regent after [[Alexander the Great]]'s death, the Isaurians set the place alight and let it perish in flames rather than submit to capture.<ref name=EB1911/><ref>{{cite book |last1= Rogers |first1= Clifford |date=June 2010 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-1953-3403-5 |pages=42}}</ref>
=== Roman rule ===
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The Isaurians were afterwards placed for a time under the rule of [[Amyntas of Galatia|Amyntas, king of Galatia]]; but it is evident that they continued to retain their predatory habits and virtual independence. In the 3rd century they sheltered the rebel emperor [[Trebellianus]].<ref name=EB1911/>
In the early 4th century, all Cilicia was detached by order of [[Diocletian]] for administrative purposes from the northern slope of Taurus, and we find a province called at first Isauria-Lycaonia, and later Isauria alone, extending up to the limits of Galatia, but not passing Taurus on the south. [[Pisidia]], part of which had hitherto been included in one province with Isauria, was also detached, and made to include Iconium; Isauria received the eastern part of [[Pamphylia]].<ref name=EB1911/> The coastal Metropolis of Seleucia was designated as Isauria's provincial capital.<ref name="edwards">{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W., "Isauria"|title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, eds., G.W. Bowersock, Peter Brown, & Oleg Grabar|date=1999|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-51173-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/515 515–516]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/515}}</ref>
In the 4th century they were still described by [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] as the scourge of the neighbouring provinces of Asia Minor, with a major series of raids occurring from AD 404 to 409, including one campaign to eradicate them led by the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman]] general [[Arbazacius]], but they were said to have been effectually subdued in the reign of [[Justinian I]].
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