|
| Hurricane season=[[2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Chapala'''{{#tag:ref|The name ''Chapala'' was contributed by [[Bangladesh]] for the [[tropical cyclone naming|naming list]] for the North Indian Ocean.<ref name="NIO TCOP">{{cite book|title=Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea: 2015|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|accessdateaccess-date=30 March 2020|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP-21Edition2015_final.pdf|edition=2015|pages=11–12}}</ref>|group="nb"|name="Chapala"}} was a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that caused moderate damage in [[Somalia]] and [[Yemen]] during November 2015. Chapala was the third [[tropical cyclone naming|named storm]] of the [[2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]. It developed as a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|depression]] on 28 October off western India, and strengthened a day later into a cyclonic storm. Chapala then [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] amid favorable conditions. On 30 October, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD){{refn|The [[India Meteorological Department]] is the official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center]] for the northern Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Frequently Asked Questions on Tropical Cyclones |page=47 |accessdateaccess-date=31 March 2020 |url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/cyclone-awareness/terminology/faq.pdf}}</ref>|group="nb"}} estimated that Chapala attained peak three-minute [[maximum sustained wind|sustained winds]] of 215 km/h (130 mph). The American-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC){{#tag:ref|The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint [[United States Navy]] – [[United States Air Force]] task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the Indian Ocean and other regions.<ref name="atcr">{{cite web|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|year=2016|accessdateaccess-date=31 March 2020|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/2015atcr.pdf|page=2}}</ref>|group="nb"}} estimated sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph), making Chapala among the strongest cyclones on record in the [[Arabian Sea]]. After peak intensity, Chapala skirted the Yemeni island of [[Socotra]] on 1 November, becoming the first hurricane-force storm there since 1922. High winds and heavy rainfall resulted in an island-wide power outage, and severe damage was compounded by [[Cyclone Megh]], which struck Yemen a week later.
While Chapala encountered less favorable conditions after passing Socotra, it maintained much of its intensity; upon entering the [[Gulf of Aden]] on 2 November, it became the strongest known cyclone in that body of water. Chapala brushed the northern coast of Somalia, killing tens of thousands of animals and wrecking 350 houses. Ahead of the cyclone's final [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]], widespread evacuations occurred across southeastern Yemen, including in areas controlled by [[al-Qaeda]], amid the country's [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|ongoing civil war]]. Early on 3 November, the storm made landfall near [[Mukalla]], Yemen, as a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|very severe cyclonic storm]] and the strongest storm on record to strike the nation. Chapala weakened into a remnant low the next day overland. Several years' worth of heavy rainfall inundated coastal areas, damaging roads and hundreds of homes. Eight people died in Yemen, a low total credited to the evacuations, and another 65 were injured. After cyclones Chapala and Megh, several countries, non-government organizations, and agencies within the [[United Nations]] provided monetary and material assistance to Yemen. The country faced food and fuel shortages, and residual storm effects contributed to an outbreak of locusts and [[dengue fever]], the latter of which killed seven people.
==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Chapala 2015 track.png|alt=Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]]}}
The [[monsoon trough]] spawned a fragmented area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]], or thunderstorms, southwest of [[India]] on 25 October, 2015. The system was located within an environment of moderate [[wind shear]], which prevented early [[tropical cyclogenesis|development]] but decreased over time. On 26 October, the system developed a distinct [[low pressure area]], which gradually became better defined, with good [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] to the north and south.<ref name="imd">{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|title=Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, Chapala over the Arabian Sea (28 October – 04 November 2015): A Report |date=December 2015|accessdateaccess-date=27 January 2016|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/chap.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory |date=25 October 2015 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201510251100.htm |accessdateaccess-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6cYFskbGO?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201510251100.htm |archivedatearchive-date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory |date=26 October 2015 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201510261100.htm |accessdateaccess-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6cZaqqGbG?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABIO10-PGTW_201510261100.htm |archivedatearchive-date=26 October 2015}}</ref> At 03:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on 28 October, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) designated the system as a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|depression]]. Nine hours later, the agency upgraded it to a deep depression,<ref name="imd"/> and the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 04A at 21:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=28 October 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=27 January 2016 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Four) Warning Nr 001 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=29 October 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ceIBEZgA?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201510282100.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The deep depression moved slowly to the north at first, steered by an [[anticyclone]] to the northeast. The IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm at 00:00 UTC on 29 October, giving it the [[tropical cyclone naming|name]] ''Chapala''. Around the same time, the storm turned towards the west, influenced by another anticyclone to its northwest. With low wind shear,<ref name="imd"/> as well as record-warm {{convert|30|C|F|abbr=on}} [[sea surface temperature|water temperatures]],<ref name="fao">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Chapala 28 October 2015 – 4 November 2015|via=ReliefWeb|author=Keith Cressman|publisher=Desert Locust Information Service|accessdateaccess-date=31 March 2020|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/1511_chapalaE.pdf}}</ref> Chapala began a 33-hour period of [[rapid deepening]], in which the [[atmospheric pressure|barometric pressure]] dropped 59 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] (1.74 [[Inch of Mercury|inHg]]).<ref name="imd"/> The storm developed well-defined [[rainband]]s and thunderstorms that consolidated into an [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=29 October 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=28 January 2016 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 003 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=29 October 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ceIAdxdh?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201510290900.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Chapala attained hurricane-force winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) at 12:00 UTC on 29 October.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=29 October 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=28 January 2016 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 004 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=29 October 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ceIAMDTs?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201510291500.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Meanwhile, the IMD upgraded Chapala to a severe cyclonic storm at 09:00 UTC that day, and further to a very severe cyclonic storm at 18:00 UTC.<ref name="imd"/> By early on 30 October, Chapala had developed a well-defined eye {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="w7"/> Based on satellite intensity estimates using the [[Dvorak technique]], the JTWC assessed Chapala as a high-end [[SSHS#Category 4|Category 4-equivalent]] cyclone on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] at 06:00 UTC with one-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph).{{#tag:ref|The Joint Typhoon Warning Center estimated winds of 250 km/h (155 mph) while the storm was active, but lowered it in a post-season analysis.<ref name="w7">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=30 October 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2015 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 007 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=30 October 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6cfesAk63?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201510300900.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bt"/><ref name="atcr"/>|group="nb"}}<ref name="bt">{{cite report|author=Kenneth R. Knapp|author2=Michael C. Kruk|author3=David H. Levinson|author4=Howard J. Diamond|author5=Charles J. Neumann|year=2010|work=The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data|title=2015 Super Cyclonic Storm Chapala (2015301N11065)|publisher=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|accessdateaccess-date=March 25, 2020|url=http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=v04r00-2015301N11065}}</ref> Based on their estimate, Chapala was the second-strongest cyclone on record over the Arabian Sea; at the time, only [[Cyclone Gonu]] of 2007 was stronger,<ref name="CNN1"/> and [[Cyclone Kyarr]] tied it in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|title=Tropical Cyclone Kyarr (150-mph Winds): Arabian Sea's 2nd Strongest Storm on Record|work=Scientific American|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/eye-of-the-storm/tropical-cyclone-kyarr-150-mph-winds-arabian-seas-2nd-strongest-storm-on-record/|date=October 28, 2019|accessdateaccess-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> Meanwhile, the IMD upgraded Chapala to an extremely severe cyclonic storm at 00:00 UTC on 30 October and estimated peak three-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h (130 mph) at 09:00 UTC. The agency estimated a minimum central pressure of {{convert|940|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<ref name="imd"/>
[[File:Chapala 2015-11-02 0940Z Worldview.jpg|thumb|right|Chapala approaching Yemen on 2 November|alt=Chapala approaching Yemen on 2 November]]
At the time of peak intensity, Chapala was moving to the west-southwest due to a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the north.<ref name="imd"/> Initially, the IMD forecast that Chapala would intensify further into a super cyclonic storm,<ref name="IMD13">{{cite report|author=M. Mohapatra|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=30 October 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2015 |title=Tropical Storm Chapala Advisory 13 issued at 1500 UTC of 30 October 2015 |url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/bulletin/rsmc.pdf |archivedatearchive-date=30 October 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6cffO5jQM?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201510301400.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the JTWC anticipated it strengthening into a Category 5-equivalent.<ref name="w7"/> Instead, the storm began an [[eyewall replacement cycle]] on 30 October, causing the inner eyewall to degrade and an outer eyewall to form; this resulted in a slight drop in intensity.<ref name="imd"/> As well, drier air began affecting the storm, causing the thunderstorms around the eye to diminish.<ref name="d9">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=31 October 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2015 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 009 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=31 October 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6chJByMWt?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201510310300.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chapala maintained much of its intensity due to strong outflow in all directions,<ref name="imd"/> especially to the northeast due to a [[tropical upper tropospheric trough]] over India,<ref name="d9"/> despite increased wind shear.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=31 October 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2015 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 012 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=31 October 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6chJBOEwZ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201510311500.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> The new eyewall became established on 31 October, reaching a diameter of {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}}, although the thunderstorms around the eye continued to weaken.<ref name="imd"/> On 1 November, Chapala passed just north of the island of [[Socotra]],<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=1 November 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=28 January 2016 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 015 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=1 November 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6civhomMc?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201511010900.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> marking the island's first hurricane-force impact since 1922.<ref name="GulfNews1">{{cite news|author=Derek Baldwin|newspaper=Gulf News|date=2 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2015|title=Cyclone Chapala to dump 400mm of rainfall in Yemen|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/yemen/cyclone-chapala-to-dump-400mm-of-rainfall-in-yemen-1.1611847}}</ref>
After the cyclone passed Socotra, its convective core became better-defined due to improved outflow.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=1 November 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2015 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 017 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=1 November 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6civhDoPZ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201511012100.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chapala entered the [[Gulf of Aden]] on 2 November, becoming the strongest tropical cyclone on record in that region.<ref name=IBT>{{cite news|author=Priyanka Mogul|title=Cyclone Chapala: Rare tropical storm makes landfall over Yemen, killing three|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/cyclone-chapala-rare-tropical-storm-makes-landfall-over-yemen-killing-three-1527002|publisher=International Business Times|accessdateaccess-date=6 November 2015|date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Met Office">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Chapala nearing landfall over Yemen|url=http://blog.metoffice.gov.uk/2015/11/02/cyclone-chapala-nearing-landfall-over-yemen/|publisher=Met Office News Blog|accessdateaccess-date=6 November 2015|date=2 November 2015}}</ref> At 12:00 UTC that day, the IMD downgraded the system to a very severe cyclonic storm, after Chapala had been an extremely severe cyclonic storm for 78 hours.<ref name="imd"/> The structure became disorganized due to increased easterly wind shear and interaction with the [[Arabian Peninsula]] to the north,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=2 November 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2015 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 021 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=3 November 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6clwCJik7?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201511022100.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> allowing cooler and drier air to enter the circulation. Around this time, the storm began moving more to the west-northwest toward [[Yemen]], rounding the southwestern periphery of a ridge.<ref name="imd"/> Between 01:00–02:00 UTC on 3 November, Chapala made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near [[Mukalla]] with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph).<ref name="imd"/> This marked the first Yemeni hurricane-intensity landfall on record,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|author=Cassie Bell|title=Cyclone Chapala whirls furiously into Yemen|date=4 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=30 March 2020|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/nov/04/weatherwatch-bell-chapala-cyclone-yemen-mukulla-storms-floods}}</ref> and the first severe cyclonic storm to hit the country since [[1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Severe Cyclonic Storm One|May 1960]].<ref name="imd"/> The center straddled the coast before heading inland.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=3 November 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=28 January 2016 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 023 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=3 November 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6clwBeqXP?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201511030900.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=3 November 2015 |accessdateaccess-date=28 January 2016 |title=Tropical Cyclone 04A (Chapala) Warning Nr 024 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archivedatearchive-date=3 November 2015 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6clwBMKvp?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201511031500.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chapala quickly weakened over land, degenerating into a depression by 00:00 UTC on 4 November and weakening into a remnant low pressure area three hours later.<ref name="imd"/>
==Preparations and impact==
===Oman===
By 30 October, well ahead of the storm, officials in [[Oman]] relayed the potential for [[flash flood]]ing and high waves along the coast.<ref name="afp1030"/> The public was advised to stay away from low-lying areas, while fishermen were asked to avoid venturing into the sea,<ref name="emirates247chapala" /> because of the potential for waves reaching {{convert|5|to|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height.<ref name="afp1030">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=30 October 2015|title='Extremely severe' cyclone heading for Yemen, Oman: UN|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|accessdateaccess-date=22 March 2020|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Oct-30/320916-extremely-severe-cyclone-heading-for-yemen-oman-un.ashx}}</ref> Officials closed all schools in [[Dhofar Governorate]].<ref name="afp1030"/> The storm ultimately passed south of the country, sparing the feared impacts from the cyclone.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Government of Oman|via=ReliefWeb|title=NMHEWS End of Chapala Direct Impacts|date=2 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=29 January 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/oman/nmhews-end-chapala-direct-impacts}}</ref>
===Somalia===
Ahead of the storm, the threat of high seas spurred the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] to dissuade Somali and Ethiopian refugees from crossing to Yemen.<ref name="unhcr"/> Large [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] produced by Chapala caused extensive coastal damage in Somalia,<ref name="news24"/> damaging 280 boats.<ref name="care"/> Eastern Puntland was hardest-hit,<ref name="news24">{{cite news|newspaper=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|agency=Deutsche Presse-Agentur|date=3 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=4 November 2015|title=Cyclone leaves thousands homeless in Somalia|url=http://www.news24.com/Green/News/Cyclone-leaves-thousands-homeless-in-Somalia-20151103}}</ref> where the cyclone damaged {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads,<ref name="care"/> and nine schools; about 2,000 students had to continue learning in tents.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNICEF|date=30 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|title=UNICEF Somalia Humanitarian Situation Report 11, November 2015|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNICEF%20Somalia%20Humanitarian%20Sitrep%20November%202015.pdf}}</ref> In the [[Bari, Somalia|Bari region]], Chapala wrecked 350 houses,<ref name="care"/> leaving thousands of residents homeless.<ref name="news24"/> Also in the region, the storm killed 25,000 animals and downed 5,100 trees.<ref name="care">{{cite report|publisher=CARE|via=ReliefWeb|title=The Humanitarian Coalition and CARE Canada help cyclone survivors in Somalia|date=15 December 2015|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/disaster_response_strategy_care_somalia_cyclone_en_0.pdf}}</ref> Heavy rainfall from the storm spread to the northeastern tip of Somalia,<ref name="fao"/> and westward to the [[Berbera District]] in [[Somaliland]]. There, the storm killed 3,000 sheep and goats, as well as 200 camels; this severely affected the local [[nomad]]ic population who rely on the livestock for their livelihood.<ref>{{cite report|date=14 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|via=ReliefWeb|title=Somalia: Tropical Cyclone Chapala Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DREF Operation ° MDRSO004|publisher=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-tropical-cyclone-chapala-emergency-plan-action-epoa-dref-operation-mdrso004}}</ref> Continuous rainfall forced families to leave their homes in low-lying areas for higher grounds.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Somaliland Press|author=Goth Mohamed Goth|date=7 November 2015|title=Somaliland: Government Distributes Relief Aid to Storm affected Bulahaar residents|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|url=http://www.somalilandpress.com/somalilandgovernment-distributes-relief-aid-to-storm-affected-bulahaar-residents/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203114605/http://www.somalilandpress.com/somalilandgovernment-distributes-relief-aid-to-storm-affected-bulahaar-residents/|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
After the storm, the government of Somaliland distributed rice, sugar, and plastic sheets.<ref name="land">{{cite news|title=In Somaliland, climate change is now a life-or-death challenge|author=Clár Ní Chonghaile|newspaper=The Guardian|date=23 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/nov/23/somaliland-climate-change-drought-cyclones-life-or-death-challenge}}</ref> After Chapala and the subsequent [[Cyclone Megh]], the local [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] chapter distributed blankets, sleeping mats, and mattresses to the affected families.<ref>{{cite report|title=Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Somalia: Tropical Cyclone Chapala|publisher=International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|via=ReliefWeb|date=14 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRSO004_0.pdf}}</ref> The [[CARE (relief agency)|CARE]] relief agency provided US$300,000 toward relief goods and the restoration of safe water.<ref name="care"/>
===Yemen===
[[File: Chapala Landfall Animation.GIF|thumb|right|250px|Chapala during its landfall over Yemen on 3 November|alt=Video of Chapala making landfall on Yemen]]
Cyclone Chapala was slated to be the strongest tropical cyclone ever to affect Yemen,<ref name="CNN1"/> and this sparked fears of catastrophic flooding amid the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|ongoing civil war]].<ref name="emirates247chapala"/> The [[United Nations]] indicated that Yemen was in the midst of "one of the largest humanitarian crises in the world."<ref name="CNN1"/> Rainfall was forecast to total more than several years' worth of precipitation in some areas, bringing fears of "massive debris flows and flash flooding."<ref name="CNN1">{{cite news|author=Jethro Mullen|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2015|title=Rare cyclone poses new worries for war-torn Yemen|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/02/middleeast/yemen-tropical-cyclone-chapala/}}</ref> Some [[Numerical weather prediction|weather models]] showed peak accumulations of {{convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on}} or more. Fears of damage and loss of life were compounded by the [[power vacuum]] in areas controlled by [[al-Qaeda]], particularly the port city of Mukalla where approximately 300,000 people lived.<ref name="GulfNews1"/>
The internationally recognized government, which controls most of southern Yemen, announced the suspension of schools in four [[Governorates of Yemen|governorates]]: [[Hadhramaut Governorate|Hadhramaut]], [[Socotra Governorate|Socotra]], [[Al Mahrah Governorate|Al Mahrah]] and [[Shabwah Governorate|Shabwah]].<ref name="emirates247chapala">{{cite news|author=Bindu Rai|title=Cyclone Chapala: 30ft high waves; Schools suspended; Oman, Yemen on high alert|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/cyclone-chapala-30ft-high-waves-schools-suspended-oman-yemen-on-high-alert-2015-11-01-1.608666|accessdateaccess-date=1 November 2015|work=[[Emirates 24/7]]|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=1 November 2015}}</ref> Yemen's meteorological agency told residents to stay at least 1 km (0.6 mi) inland.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=30 October 2015|title=Oman, Yemen warn coastal areas as severe cyclone approaches|newspaper=[[The Jordan Times]]|accessdateaccess-date=22 March 2020|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/oman-yemen-warn-coastal-areas-severe-cyclone-approaches}}</ref> About 18,750 people left their homes ahead of the storm on the Yemen mainland.<ref name="ocha1">{{cite report|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Flash%20Update%20-%20Nov%203%20final.pdf|title=Yemen: Cyclone Chapala Flash Update 1 | date= 3 November 2015|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|accessdateaccess-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> Most people sheltered in public buildings like schools or hospitals, or stayed with relatives.<ref name="irin115"/> The [[World Health Organization]] distributed gasoline to ambulances and hospitals to ensure they would continue operating effectively.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=World Health Organization|via=ReliefWeb|date=2 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=29 January 2016|title=WHO scales up response in Yemen for cyclone Chapala|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/who-scales-response-yemen-cyclone-chapala}}</ref> [[Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen|Al-Qaeda]] controlled Mukalla evacuated a coastal neighborhood.<ref name="Nov1AP">{{cite news|author=Ahmed Al-Haj|work=Associated Press|date=1 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=19 March 2020|title=Yemen's Socotra Island hit by rare cyclone|url=https://apnews.com/9f76cfdd759142319e049f7b284c6e04}}</ref>
====Socotra====
[[File: Streets were flooded after the cyclone Socotra Yemen, 01-Nov-2015 VOA.jpg|thumb|left|Flooding in Socotra on 1 November|alt=Flooding in Socotra on 1 November]]
In [[Socotra]], over 1,000 families evacuated to schools set up as shelters.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=1 November 2015|title=Yemeni island lashed as cyclone heads for mainland|newspaper=[[Gulf Times]]|accessdateaccess-date=22 March 2020|url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/461262/Yemen-island-is-lashed-as-cyclone-heads-for-mainland}}</ref> On 1 November, Chapala produced hurricane-force winds and heavy rainfall to the island. Residents described rainfall as the most severe in decades.<ref name="Nov1AP"/> Northeastern areas of the island were rendered inaccessible due to flooding,<ref name="CNN1"/> forcing residents to ride out the storm on their roofs.<ref name="curse"/> Chapala damaged Socotra's main port,<ref name="rw114"/> and also caused an island-wide power outage.<ref name="curse"/> The cyclone destroyed 237 homes on the island and damaged 497 others,<ref name="curse"/><ref name="rw115">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|via=ReliefWeb|date=5 November 2015|title=Yemen: Cyclone Chapala Flash Update 3|accessdateaccess-date=30 January 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Flash%20Update%20-%20Nov%205%20final.pdf}}</ref> forcing about 18,000 people to leave their homes.<ref name="irin115">{{cite news|agency=IRIN|date=5 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=5 November 2015|title=Will Yemen's storm yet prove disastrous?|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://www.img.static.reliefweb.int/report/yemen/will-yemen-s-storm-yet-prove-disastrous|author=Annie Slemrod|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204063951/http://www.img.static.reliefweb.int/report/yemen/will-yemen-s-storm-yet-prove-disastrous|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chapala caused at least 200 injuries.<ref name="GulfNews1"/> Despite initial reports of three deaths on the island, there were no confirmed fatalities on Socotra, according to the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA).<ref name="curse"/><ref name=PHYS>{{cite news|title=Panic, deaths as Yemen's Socotra hit by new cyclone|url=http://phys.org/news/2015-11-panic-deaths-yemen-socotra-cyclone.html|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdateaccess-date=31 March 2020|date=8 November 2015}}</ref>
====Mainland====
High winds, strong waves, and heavy rainfall affected the southern Yemen coast.<ref name="rw114"/> The weather station at [[Riyan Airport]] reported sustained winds of {{convert|73|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}}, with gusts to {{convert|89|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}}, before it stopped recording; the continued increase in winds supported that Chapala made landfall in Yemen as the equivalent of a hurricane.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bob Henson|date=3 November 2015|title=Chapala Slams Yemen: First Hurricane-Strength Cyclone on Record|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|accessdateaccess-date=30 March 2020|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/chapala-slams-yemen-first-hurricanestrength-cyclone-on-record.html}}</ref> Some parts of the region received 610 mm (24 in) of rainfall, 700% of the yearly average, in just 48 hours.<ref name="rw114"/> As the area usually receives less than 50 mm (2 in) of rainfall per year, the ground was unable to absorb much of the water. The resulting runoff triggered flash floods, collected along [[wadi]]s, or typically dry river beds, and inundated coastal areas several kilometres inland.<ref name="curse"/><ref>{{cite report|publisher=NASA|date=6 November 2015|title=Chapala Drenches the Desert|via=ReliefWeb|accessdateaccess-date=31 March 2020|url=http://reliefweb.int/map/yemen/chapala-drenches-desert-6-nov-2015}}</ref>
Across Yemen's mainland, Chapala destroyed 214 homes and damaged another 600.<ref name="rw114"/> The storm caused eight deaths – five by drowning and three inside collapsed homes.<ref name=MEE>{{cite web|title=8 killed in Yemen cyclone storm: Official|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/official-8-yemenis-killed-cyclone-storm-877067082|newspaper=[[Middle East Eye]]|accessdateaccess-date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Floodlist>{{cite web|title=Yemen – Storm Chapala Leaves 3 Dead, 35 Injured and 40,000 Displaced|url=http://floodlist.com/asia/yemen-storm-chapala-leaves-3-dead-35-injured-and-40000-displaced|publisher=Floodlist News|accessdateaccess-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> One of the deaths occurred as far west as Aden, where a fisherman drowned amid rough seas.<ref name="afp114">{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=4 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=22 March 2020|title=Aid from neighbours reaches Yemen as cyclone eases|newspaper=The Jordan Times|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/region/aid-neighbours-reaches-yemen-cyclone-eases}}</ref> Officials attributed the low death toll to the widespread evacuations ahead of the storm.<ref name="rw116">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|via=ReliefWeb|date=6 November 2015|title=Yemen: Cyclone Chapala Flash Update 4|accessdateaccess-date=30 January 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Flash%20Update%20No%204%20-%20Nov%206%20final.pdf}}</ref> About 65 people were injured,<ref name="ocha116">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|via=ReliefWeb|date=8 November 2015|title=Yemen: Cyclone Chapala Flash Update 5|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Flash%20Update%205_8%20Nov%20.pdf}}</ref> including 25 in Mukalla.<ref name="flash5">{{cite report|date=5 November 2015|title=Yemen – Tropical Cyclone Chapala (ECHO, OCHA, WFP, Log Cluster, Media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 5 November 2015)|publisher=European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office|via=ReliefWeb|accessdateaccess-date=30 January 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-tropical-cyclone-chapala-echo-ocha-wfp-log-cluster-media-echo-daily-flash-5}}</ref> [[Aon (company)|Aon Benfield]] estimated nationwide damage in the hundreds of millions ([[United States dollar|USD]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Catastrophe Recap December 2015 |url=http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/Documents/20160106-if-december-global-recap.pdf |publisher=Aon Benfield |accessdateaccess-date=2 June 2018}}</ref>
Flooding from Chapala damaged crops, killed livestock, and wrecked boats.<ref name="rw114"/> There, the storm damaged seven health facilities, including two in the nation's fifth-largest city, Mukalla.<ref name="rw114">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|via=ReliefWeb|date=4 November 2015|title=Yemen: Cyclone Chapala Flash Update|accessdateaccess-date=5 November 2015|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Yemen%20Flash%20Update%20-%20Nov%204%20final.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=World Health Organization|date=9 November 2015|via=ReliefWeb|title=Yemen conflict Situation report #18, 26 October – 9 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WHO_Yemen_situation_report_Issue_number_18_26_October_-_09_November__final.pdf}}</ref> The storm severed phone lines,<ref name="curse"/> disrupted water access after damaging pipes,<ref name="f11"/> and damaged 90 houses.<ref name="flash5"/> Residents in Mukalla took shelter in schools as the storm destroyed the waterfront.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyclone Chapala bears down on mainland Yemen|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34698709|accessdateaccess-date=3 November 2015|agency=BBC|date=3 November 2015}}</ref> The city's main hospital was closed because of flooding, but reopened two days later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=MapAction|title=Yemen: TC Chapala – The map shows reports on casualties in affected areas (11 Nov 2015)|date=11 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MA009_Yemen_Casualties_300dpi.pdf}}</ref> About {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} of primary and secondary roads in and around Mukalla, including the coastal road from [[Aden]] to the city, were clogged with mud due to the floods and landslides.<ref name="rw115"/> About 80% of the village of Jilah was flooded,<ref name="wfp1112">{{cite report|publisher=World Food Programme|title=Yemen Situation Update (12 November 2015)|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|date=12 November 2015|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/logistics_cluster_yemen_situation_update_151112.pdf}}</ref> damaging 250 houses.<ref name="f9">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|via=ReliefWeb|date=13 November 2015|title=Yemen: Cyclones Chapala and Megh Flash Update 9|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen_Flash_Update_9_12_Nov_Final.pdf}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
{{See also|Cyclone Megh}}
[[File: Chapala 2015-11-03 0720Z.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite image of Chapala after its landfall over Yemen|alt=Satellite image of Chapala after its landfall over Yemen]]
The Yemeni Government declared a [[state of emergency]] for Socotra shortly after the storm's passage on 1 November.<ref>{{cite web|language=Arabicar|date=1 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2015|title=عشرات الضحايا ونزوح الآلآف من سقطرى اليمنية بسبب "شابالا" |url=http://www.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%B6%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84-%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AD-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7|publisher=Arabia Weather|author=وداد-السعودي}}</ref> The local Red Crescent gave cooked meals and tarps to the island's residents.<ref>{{cite report|publisher= International Committee of the Red Cross|date=20 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|title=Yemen: Tropical cyclones compound humanitarian suffering|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-tropical-cyclones-compound-humanitarian-suffering}}</ref> Several [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]] sent 43 planes with supplies to the island by 19 November.<ref name="f11"/> Neighboring Oman sent 14 cargo planes' worth of food totaling 270 tons, as well as blankets and tents.<ref name="ocha116"/><ref name="afp114"/> The United Arab Emirates also sent a ship and a plane carrying 500 tons of food, 10 tons of blankets and tents, and 1,200 barrels of diesel fuel.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Emirates News Agency|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|date=24 November 2015|title=Khalifa Foundation sends aid to Socotra Archipelago|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/khalifa-foundation-sends-aid-socotra-archipelago}}</ref> The [[International Organization for Migration]] provided 2,000 shelter kits as well as a medical team to Socotra.<ref name="iom"/> Due to damage to the island's main port, residents built a makeshift pathway to help the distribution of aid.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|via=ReliefWeb|date=11 November 2015|title=Yemen: Cyclones Chapala and Megh Flash Update 8|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen_Flash_Update_8_11_Nov_Final.pdf}}</ref>
In the days after the storm, airstrikes and attacks continued elsewhere in the country.<ref name="rw115"/> One week after Chapala, Cyclone Megh followed a similar path.<ref name="megh">{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|title=Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, Megh over the Arabian Sea (05-10 November 2015): A Report |date=December 2015|accessdateaccess-date=22 January 2016|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/Megh.pdf}}</ref> Together, the passages of Chapala and Megh near Socotra and mainland Yemen killed 26 people and displaced 47,000 people.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|title=Humanitarian Bulletin Yemen Issue 5|via=ReliefWeb|date=13 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20151113_Yemen_Humanitarian_Bulletin_5.pdf}}</ref> Relief distribution was disrupted due to the poor communications in the region, worsened by the ongoing civil war,<ref name="curse">{{cite news|agency=IRIN|date=3 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=29 January 2016|title=Yemen's curse: civil war, bombs, and now floods|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemens-curse-civil-war-bombs-and-now-floods}}</ref> with the hardest hit areas under al-Qaeda control;<ref name="rw114"/> aid trucks had to pass security clearances, resulting in delays.<ref name="wfp1112"/> Workers began restoring communications and clearing roads in the days after the storm.<ref name="ocha116"/> By 19 November, most of the displaced residents had returned home, although some remained in shelters due to housing damage.<ref name="f11">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|via=ReliefWeb|date=19 November 2015|title=Yemen: Cyclones Chapala and Megh Flash Update 11|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Yemen_Flash_%20Update_%2011_19_Nov_Final.pdf}}</ref> Southern portions of Yemen saw food and fuel shortages following the two storms.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=World Food Programme|title=Yemen Market Situation Update Weeks 1 and 2: November 2015|date=25 November 2015|via=ReliefWeb|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/wfp279546.pdf}}</ref> Mukalla experienced an outbreak of [[dengue fever]] by January 2016 due to the floods, affecting 1,040 people; earlier efforts to kill disease carrying mosquitoes were ineffective due to residual floods and unsanitary conditions. Seven people died due to the outbreak.<ref name="al14">{{cite news|title=Dengue fever spreads in Yemeni city ravaged by cyclone|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]]|author=Saeed Al Batati|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|date=4 January 2016|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/01/dengue-fever-spreads-yemeni-city-ravaged-cyclone-160103072554970.html}}</ref> Flooding from Chapala led to a locust outbreak in March 2016, which spread across Yemen and reached as far as Pakistan.<ref>{{cite report|author=Keith Cressma|publisher=Desert Locust Information Service|date=12 August 2016|accessdateaccess-date=9 April 2020|title=Yemen March 2016–present Post-cyclone Outbreak|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/common/ecg/2312/en/1603YEMe.pdf}}</ref>
Agencies under the United Nations and non-government organizations provided assistance to the storm victims,<ref name="rw115"/> although aid agencies were cautious in helping a city under control of Al Qaeda.<ref name="al14"/> The [[Red Crescent Society of the United Arab Emirates]], in conjunction with the Khalifa Foundation and the King Salman Humanitarian Aid and Relief Centre, provided aid to the hardest hit areas of mainland Yemen via an [[airbridge (logistics)|airbridge]],<ref>{{cite report|date=3 November 2015|title=Yemen – Tropical Cyclone Chapala (ECHO, GDACS, JTWC, NMS, NASA, Media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 3 November 2015)|publisher=European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office|via=ReliefWeb|accessdateaccess-date=29 January 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-tropical-cyclone-chapala-echo-gdacs-jtwc-nms-nasa-mediaecho-daily-flash-3}}</ref> as well as over land.<ref name="rw115"/> United Nations agencies sent 29 trucks carrying 296 tons of non-food items, and the World Health Organization sent a ship from [[Djibouti]] with 18 tons of medical supplies.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=World Food Programme|title=Yemen Situation Update (18 November 2015)|date=18 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=2 February 2016|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/logistics_cluster_yemen_situation_update_151118.pdf}}</ref> To prevent the spread of disease, officials distributed mosquito nets and began mass-immunizing children under five years old beginning in early November.<ref name="ocha116"/> A national effort to vaccinate against polio was disrupted in six governorates by the cyclone, but was completed by December.<ref>{{cite report|date=3 December 2015|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|title=UNICEF Yemen Crisis Humanitarian Situation Report (21 November – 3 December 2015)|publisher=UNICEF|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/unicef-yemen-crisis-humanitarian-situation-report-21-november-3-december-2015-enar}}</ref> [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] established a medical clinic in Mukalla while also setting up a water tank.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Médecins Sans Frontières|date=1 December 2015|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|title=Yemen: Aiding People Affected by Cyclones in Hadhramaut Province|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-aiding-people-affected-cyclones-hadhramaut-province}}</ref> To help with food shortages, the [[World Food Programme]] had provided [[High Energy Biscuits]] by 30 November to 24,900 people, using pre-stocked supplies.<ref>{{cite report|agency=World Food Programme|date=15 December 2015|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|title=WFP Yemen Situation Report #18, 13 December 2015|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/wfp-yemen-situation-report-18-13-december-2015|format=PDF}}</ref> The International Organization for Migration provided {{convert|41000|l|USgal}} of water per day in Shabwah and Abyan governorates,<ref name="iom">{{cite report|publisher=International Organization for Migration|via=ReliefWeb|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|date=3 December 2015|title=Yemen Crisis: IOM Regional Response – Situation Report, 3 December 2015|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IOM-Yemen-Crisis-Sitrep-3-December%20-2015-35.pdf}}</ref> and also helped clean sewage and storm debris.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=International Organization for Migration|via=ReliefWeb|accessdateaccess-date=3 February 2016|date=7 January 2016|title=Yemen Crisis: IOM Regional Response – Situation Report, 7 January 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IOM%20Yemen%20Crisis%20Sitrep%207%20January%202016%2037.pdf}}</ref> Agencies also delivered hygiene kits and food to the hardest hit areas.<ref name="rw114"/> The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees provided emergency beds, cooking utensils, and other supplies to about 1,600 families.<ref name="unhcr">{{cite report|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|title=UNHCR provides emergency relief to cyclone-displaced in Yemen|date=6 November 2015|accessdateaccess-date=30 January 2016|via=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/unhcr-provides-emergency-relief-cyclone-displaced-yemen}}</ref>
==See also==
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