Gravidity and parity: Difference between revisions

A ''nulliparous'' ({{IPAc-en|n|ʌ|l|ˈ|ɪ|p|ə|r|ə|s}}) female (a ''nullipara'' or ''para 0'') has never given birth. It includes womenfemales who have experienced [[Miscarriage|spontaneous miscarriages]] and [[induced abortions]] before the mid-point of pregnancy, but not womenfemales who have experienced [[Stillbirth|pregnancy loss after 20 weeks]]. Nulliparity has been implicated in the development of various complications during pregnancy including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and pre-term labor.<ref name="Stubblefield Coonrod Reddy et al 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Stubblefield |first1=Phillip G. |last2=Coonrod |first2=Dean V. |last3=Reddy |first3=Uma M. |last4=Sayegh |first4=Raja |last5=Nicholson |first5=Wanda |last6=Rychlik |first6=Daniel F. |last7=Jack |first7=Brian W. |title=The clinical content of preconception care: reproductive history |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |date=1 December 2008 |volume=199 |issue=6, Supplement B |pages=S373–S383 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.048 |pmid=19081433 }}</ref>

Long-term and permanent nulliparity ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|ʌ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ær|ᵻ|t|i}}) are [[risk factor for breast cancer|risk factors for breast cancer]]. For instance, a meta-analysis of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that never giving birth was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer compared with womenfemales who have given birth, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Womenfemales having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=2145231 |year=1990 |vauthors=Ewertz M, Duffy SW, Adami HO |title=Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=597–603 |journal=International Journal of Cancer |doi=10.1002/ijc.2910460408 |s2cid=32387496 |display-authors=etal }}</ref>