Chamaecyparis obtusa: Difference between revisions

| image_caption = TreeA in700-year-old Osakahinoki tree at Daichi-fuji temple in [[Gifu Prefecture]], [[Japan]]

| status = LR/ntNT| status_system = IUCN3.1

'''''Chamaecyparis obtusa''''' ('''Japanese cypress''', '''hinoki cypress'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web|title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023044910/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archiveaccess-date=2014-10-23 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or '''hinoki'''; {{lang-langx|ja|檜}} or {{lang|ja|桧}}, ''{{transl|ja|hinoki}}'') is a species of [[cypress]] native to central [[Japan]] in [[East Asia]],<ref name=farjon>{{cite book|author = Farjon, A.|year = 2005|title = Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys|publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens|location = Kew|isbn = 1-84246-068-4}}</ref><ref name=rushforthc>{{cite book|author = Rushforth, K.|year = 1987|title = Conifers|publisher = Helm|isbn = 0-7470-2801-X}}</ref> and widely cultivated in the [[temperate climate|temperate]] northern hemisphere for its high -quality timber and ornamental qualities, with many [[cultivar]]s commercially available.

== Description ==

It is a slow-growing [[tree]] which growsmay toreach {{convert|35 |m|ft|abbr=on}} tall<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chamaecyparis obtusa - Plant Finder|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c204|access-date=2021-02-18|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref> with a trunk up to {{convert|1 |m|abbr=on}} in diameter.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} The bark is dark red-brown. The [[leaf|leaves]] are scale-like, 2–4&nbsp;{{convert|2|-|4|mm|in|abbr=on}} long, blunt tipped (obtuse), green above, and green below with a white stomatal band at the base of each scale-leaf. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are globose, 8–12&nbsp;{{convert|8|-|12|mm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, with 8–12 scales arranged in opposite pairs.

The plant is widespread in Japan. The related ''[[Chamaecyparis pisifera]]'' (sawara cypress) can be readily distinguished in its having pointed tips to the leaves and smaller cones.<ref name=farjon /><ref name=rushforthc /> A similar cypress found on [[Taiwan]] is treated by different botanists as either a variety of this species (as ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' var. ''formosana'') or as a separate species ''[[Chamaecyparis taiwanensis]]''; it differs in having smaller cones (6–9&nbsp;mm diameter) with smaller scales, and leaves with a more acute apex.<ref name=farjon /><ref name=rushforthc />

== Timber ==

It is grown for its very high -quality timber in Japan, where it is used as a material for building [[palace]]s, [[temple]]s, shrines, traditional ''[[noh]]'' theatres, baths, [[table tennis]] blades and [[Masu (Japanese)|masu]]. The wood is lemon-scented, light pinkish-brown, with a rich, straight grain, and is highly rot-resistant. For example, [[Horyuji]] Temple and [[Osaka Castle]] are built from hinoki wood. The hinoki grown in [[Kiso River|Kiso]], used for building [[Ise Shrine]], are called 御神木 ''go-shin-boku'', or "divine treetrees".

| title = RHS Plantfinder -– ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' ‘Crippsii’'Crippsii'

| accessdateaccess-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> makes a broad conic golden-green crown with a vigorous leading shoot, growing to {{convert|15-20 |m|ft|abbr=on}} or more tall

* ‘Fernspray'Fernspray Gold’Gold'{{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web

| title = RHS Plantfinder -– ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' ‘Fernspray'Fernspray Gold’Gold'

| accessdateaccess-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> -– {{convert|3.5 |m|ft|abbr=on}}, arching sprays of green/yellow branches

*’Kamarachiba’ 'Kamarachiba'{{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web

| title = RHS Plantfinder -– ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' ‘Kamarachiba’'Kamarachiba'

| accessdateaccess-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> -– spreading shrub, {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall by {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide, sprays of yellow-green

* 'Kosteri'{{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web

| title = RHS Plantfinder -– ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' ‘Kosteri’'Kosteri'

| accessdateaccess-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> -– sprawling dwarf to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall by {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide, with brilliant green foliage

* 'Lycopodioides' reaches up to {{convert|19 |m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, with somewhat [[fasciation|fasciated]] foliage.

* 'Minima' -– under {{convert|10 |cm|in|abbr=on}} after 20 years with mid-green foliage

* ‘Nana’'Nana'{{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web

| title = RHS Plantfinder -– ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' ‘Nana’'Nana'

| accessdateaccess-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> -– dark green, rounded dwarf shrub to {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}

* 'Nana Aurea'{{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web

| title = RHS Plantfinder -– ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' ‘Nana'Nana Aurea’Aurea'

| accessdateaccess-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> -– {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}}, golden tips to the fans and a bronze tone in winter

* 'Nana Gracilis'{{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web

| title = RHS Plantfinder -– ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' ‘Nana'Nana gracilis’gracilis'

| accessdateaccess-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> -– crowded fans of tiny branches producing richly textured effects; often cited as dwarf but has reached {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall in cultivation in Britain

* 'Nana Lutea'{{smallcaps|agm}} -– compact, slow-growing, golden yellow selection which has become very popular; yellow counterpart to 'Nana gracilis'

* 'Spiralis' is an erect, stiff dwarf tree

* 'Tempelhof' growing to {{convert|2-4 |m|ft|abbr=on}} with green-yellow foliage that turns bronze in winter

* 'Tetragona Aurea' grows to around {{convert|18 |m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, with a narrow crown and irregular branching, the scale leaves in 4 equal ranks and branchlets tightly crowded, green and gold

* ‘Tsatsumi'Tsatsumi Gold’Gold'{{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web

| title = RHS Plantfinder -– ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' ‘Tsatsumi'Tsatsumi Gold’Gold'

| accessdateaccess-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> -– {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}}, contorted branches, yellow-green foliage

The [[lignan]]s [[chamaecypanone A|chamaecypanones A]] and [[chamaecypanone B|B]], [[obtulignolide]], and [[isootobanone]] can be found in the heartwood of ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' var. ''formosana''.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Three novel and one new lignan, chamaecypanones A, B, obtulignolide and isootobanone from the heartwood of ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' var. ''formosana''|author1 = Kuo, Y.-H.|author2 = Chen, C.-H.|author3 = Chiang Y.-M.|journal = [[Tetrahedron Letters]]|volume = 42|issue = 38|year = 2001|pages = 6731–6735|doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)01272-2}}</ref> The biflavones [[sciadopitysin]], [[ginkgetin]], [[isoginkgetin]], [[podocarpusflavone B]], [[7,7''-O-Dimethylamentoflavone|7,7<nowiki>''</nowiki>-''O''-dimethylamentoflavone]], [[bilobetin]], [[podocarpusflavone A]], [[7-O-Mmethylamentoflavone|7-''O''-methylamentoflavone, [[amentoflavone]], [[amentoflavonehinokinin]] and [[hinokiflavone]] have been confirmed in the leaves of the plant.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Biflavones from ''Chamaecyparis obtusa''|author1 = Krauze-Baranowska, M.|author2 = Pobłocka, L.|author3 = El-Hela, A. A.|journal = [[Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C]]|year = 2005|volume = 60|issue = 9–10|pages = 679–685|pmid = 16320608|url = http://www.znaturforsch.com/ac/v60c/s60c0679.pdf|doi = 10.1515/znc-2005-9-1004|s2cid = 819375}}</ref> [[Chamaecydin]] was first discovered in the seeds of ''C. obtusa''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Wen-Chiung |last2=Fang |first2=Jim-Min |last3=Cheng |first3=Yu-Shia |date=1993-10-01 |title=Hexacarbocyclic triterpenes from leaves of Cryptomeria japonica |url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/102683/1/43.pdf |journal=Phytochemistry |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=779–782 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(93)85358-X |bibcode=1993PChem..34..779S |issn=0031-9422}}</ref> The [[essential oil]] of ''Chamaecyparis obtusa'' contains a wide range of chemical compounds, including but not limited to the following: [[sabinene]], elemol, [[myrcene]], [[limonene]], [[terpinen-4-ol]], eudesmols, α-terpinyl acetate, [[α-terpinolene]], α-[[terpineol]], [[3-Carene|3-carene]], [[α-pinene]], γ-[[terpinene]], [[camphene]], [[bornyl acetate]], 1-methyladamantane, cuminol, eucarvone, [[Cyclopentenone|2-cyclopenten-1-one]], 3,4-dimethyl-, 1,3-dimethyl-1-cyclohexene, calamenene, τ-muurolol, [[borneol]], [[Alpha-cadinol|α-cadinol]], [[Hinokitiol|β-thujaplicin]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raha |first1=Suchismita |last2=Kim |first2=Seong |last3=Lee |first3=Ho |last4=Lee |first4=Sang |last5=Heo |first5=Jeong |last6=Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma |first6=Venu |last7=Ha |first7=Sang |last8=Kim |first8=Eun |last9=Mun |first9=Sung |last10=Kim |first10=Gon |title=Essential oil from Korean Chamaecyparis obtusa leaf ameliorates respiratory activity in Sprague‑Dawley rats and exhibits protection from NF-κB-induced inflammation in WI38 fibroblast cells |journal=International Journal of Molecular Medicine |date=31 October 2018 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=393–403 |doi=10.3892/ijmm.2018.3966|pmid=30387810 |pmc=6257863 |s2cid=53391206 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Geun-Shik |last2=Hong |first2=Eui-Ju |last3=Gwak |first3=Ki-Seob |last4=Park |first4=Mi-Jin |last5=Choi |first5=Kyung-Chul |last6=Choi |first6=In-Gyu |last7=Jang |first7=Je-Won |last8=Jeung |first8=Eui-Bae |title=The essential oils of Chamaecyparis obtusa promote hair growth through the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene |journal=Fitoterapia |date=January 2010 |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2009.06.016|pmid=19576968 }}</ref> Some of these compounds are fragrances or intermediates used in the fragrance industry. Thus, the ''C. obtusa'' essential oil is used in perfumery and personal care products, such as soaps, shampoos, cosmetics.<ref name="auto"/> Hinoki wood is used as a traditional Japanese stick incense for its light, earthy aroma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hinoki Japanese Cypress Essential Oil |url=https://www.stillpointaromatics.com/hinok-cypressi-chamaecyparis-obtusa-japan-essential-oil |website=Stillpoint Aromatics |language=en}}</ref>

{{Commonscat-inline|''Chamaecyparis obtusa''}}

[[Category:PlantsNear usedthreatened inflora bonsaiof Asia]]