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{{short description|Technology}}
{{update|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Verkehrszeichenerkennung IMG 6859.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Traffic-sign (speed limit) recognition]]
'''Traffic-sign recognition''' ('''TSR''') is a technology by which a vehicle is able to recognize the [[traffic sign]]s put on the road e.g. "speed limit" or "children" or "turn ahead". This is part of the features collectively called [[Advanced driver-assistance systems|ADAS]]. The technology is being developed by a variety of automotive suppliers to improve the safety of vehicles. It uses image processing techniques to detect the traffic signs. The detection methods can be generally divided into color based, shape based and learning based methods.
== History ==
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[[File:Traffic_Sign_Detection_Stop_Sign.jpeg|thumb|right|A speed limit sign in the United States]]
Traffic-sign recognition first appeared, in the form of speed limit sign recognition, in 2008 for the 2009 [[Vauxhall Insignia]].<ref>{{cite news|date=18 June 2008|title=Vauxhall Insignia to read speed limit signs|url=https://www.businesscar.co.uk/news/2008/vauxhall-insignia-to-read-speed-limit-signs|work=Business Car|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> Later in 2009 they appeared on the new [[BMW F01|BMW 7 Series]], and the following year on the [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]]. At that time, these systems only detected the round speed limit signs found all across Europe (e.g.<ref>{{cite
Second-generation systems can also detect overtaking restrictions. It was introduced in 2008 in the [[Opel Insignia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autobild.de/artikel/assistenzsystem-von-opel-722126.html|title=Assistenzsystem von Opel – Das magische Auge|date=18 June 2008 |accessdate=17 December 2010}}</ref> later followed by the [[Opel Astra]] and the [[Saab 9-5]]. This technology is also available on the 2011 [[Volkswagen Phaeton]]<ref>{{cite web
Such systems are expected to be mandatory on new cars sold in the EU from May 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=EUR-Lex - 2018_145 - EN - EUR-Lex|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/procedure/EN/2018_145|access-date=2020-08-30|website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Briefing: Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) {{!}} ETSC|url=https://etsc.eu/briefing-intelligent-speed-assistance-isa/|access-date=2020-08-30|website=etsc.eu}}</ref> which should apply regulation 2021/1958 from 23 June 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021R1958&from=EN | title=L_2021409FR.01000101.XML }}</ref>
==
{{manual|section|date=September 2023}}
Traffic signs can be analyzed using forward-facing cameras in many modern cars, vehicles and trucks. One of the basic use cases of a traffic-sign recognition system is for speed limits. Most of the [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] data would procure speed information, but additional speed limit traffic signs can also be used to extract information and display it in the dashboard of the car to alert the driver about the road sign. This is an advanced [[Advanced driver-assistance system|driver-assistance]] feature available in most high-end cars, mainly in European vehicles.
[[File:Traffic_Sign_Detection_Algorithm.jpg|thumb|right|An example algorithm for traffic-sign detection]]
Modern traffic-sign recognition systems are being developed using convolutional neural networks, mainly driven by the requirements of autonomous vehicles and [[self-driving
The neural net in turn uses [[Image Processing]] and [[Computer Vision]] to train the network with its potential outcomes. The trained neural net can then be used in real time to detect new traffic signs in real time. Self driving car companies including [[Waymo]] and [[Uber]] are generating and outsourcing traffic-sign data sets along with map and navigation companies like [[TomTom|Tom Tom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/a21609/here-maps-future-of-self-driving-cars/|title=Whoever Owns the Maps Owns the Future of Self-Driving Cars|date=July 2016 }}</ref> Advanced [[computer vision]] and neural network techniques make this goal highly efficient and achievable in real time.
[[File:Traffic_Sign_Detection_Example.jpg|thumb|right|An example implementation of the image preprocessing steps in a traffic-sign detection algorithm]]
There are diverse algorithms for traffic-sign recognition. Common ones are those based on the shape of the sign board. Typical sign board shapes like hexagons, circles, and rectangles define different types of signs, which can be used for classification. Other major algorithms for character recognition includes [[Haar-like feature]]s, Freeman [[Chain code]], AdaBoost detection and [[deep learning]] [[neural networks]] methods. Haar-like features can be used to create cascaded classifiers which can then help detect the sign board characters.
Deep learning can be incorporated into traffic-sign detection. Polygonal approximation of digital curves using [[Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm]] can be used to detect the shape of the sign boards and methods like [[Support Vector Machines]] and Byte-MCT with an [[AdaBoost]] classifier has been used in one of the methods to detect traffic signs.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Lim K, Hong Y, Choi Y, Byun H (2017) Real-time traffic-sign recognition based on a general-purpose GPU and deep learning. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0173317|year=2017|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0173317|pmid=28264011|doi-access=free|last1=Lim|first1=K.|last2=Hong|first2=Y.|last3=Choi|first3=Y.|last4=Byun|first4=H.|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=3|pages=e0173317|pmc=5338798}}</ref>
Identification of speed limit signs also needs to take into account the units used in a particular area. For instance, a vehicle travelling from [[Northern Ireland]] to [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] would need to be able to differentiate the km/h speed limit signage in Ireland from the mph speed limit signage still used in Northern Ireland, which is particularly important when traffic sign recognition is linked to [[Intelligent speed assistance]] systems. [[Geofence|Geofencing]] and reference to online navigation [[Database|databases]] can be used as a hint to the [[algorithm]] to identify which units are likely to be in use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://download.tomtom.com/open/banners/Whitepaper-ADAS-Map-Speed-Limits-Improve-mandatory-Intelligen-Speed-Assistance-and-vehicle-safety-ratings.pdf|title=ADAS Map Speed Limits Improve mandatory Intelligent Speed Assistance and vehicle safety ratings}}</ref>
==
Information gathered from road signs by a forward facing camera is used in Tesla's [[Tesla Autopilot|Autosteer]] and [[Tesla Autopilot|Traffic-aware Cruise Control]] Systems to Bring the vehicle to a stop if a stop sign is detected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tesla Model 3 user's guide to autopilot |url=https://www.tesla.com/ownersmanual/model3/en_us/GUID-A701F7DC-875C-4491-BC84-605A77EA152C.html#:~:text=The%20cameras%20ca}}</ref> After a recent software update many Tesla vehicles upload the speed limit data collected by their cameras to Tesla's navigation software for all other vehicles to use.
== Car makers and vehicles ==
Some cars with such system are made by [[Audi]],
[[BMW]],
[[Citroën]],
[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]],
[[Honda]],
[[Infiniti]],
[[Jaguar]],
[[Jeep]],
[[Land Rover]],
[[Lexus]],
[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]],
[[Nissan]],
[[Opel]],
[[Peugeot]],
[[Porsche]],
[[Renault]],
[[Toyota]],
[[Volkswagen]], [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] and
[[Volvo]].
For instance:
* Audi: [[Audi A8]]
* BMW: [[BMW 7 Series]], [[BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo]], [[BMW 5 Series]]
* Mercedes: [[Mercedes-Benz E Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz S Class]]
* Opel: [[Opel Insignia]], [[Opel Corsa]]
* [[Saab 9-5]]
* [[Volkswagen Phaeton]]
* Lexus: [[Lexus GS]], [[Lexus LS]], [[Lexus RX]] 2022+
* [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]: [[Tesla Model X|Model X]], [[Tesla Model S|Model S]], [[Tesla Model Y|Model Y]], [[Tesla Model 3|Model 3]]
==See also==
*[[Intelligent speed adaptation]]
*[[Intelligent car]]
*[[Vehicular automation|Self Driving Vehicles]]
*[[Tesla Autopilot]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Advanced driver assistance systems]]
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