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{{Short description|Species of bivalve}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
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[[File:Arctica islandica Islandmuschel.jpg|thumb|right|The dark periostracum is flaking off this dried [[Valve (mollusc)|valve]] of ''Arctica islandica'' from [[Wales]]]]
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The typical ''Arctica islandica'' resembles the [[hard clam|quahog]], but the shell of the ocean quahog is rounder, the [[periostracum]] is usually black, and on the interior of the shell, the [[pallial line]] has no indentation, or [[pallial sinus|sinus]]. Unlike the quahog, which lives [[intertidal zone|intertidally]] and can be collected by [[clam digging]], this species lives [[littoral zone|subtidally]], and can only be collected by [[fishing dredge|dredging]]. They grow to sizes exceeding 50 mm or two inches shell height.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/56725.pdf |title=The distribution and population structure of the bivalve ''Arctica islandica'' L. in the North Sea: what possible factors are involved? |author1=R. Witbaard |author2=M.J.N. Bergman |journal=Journal of Sea Research |volume=50 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/s1385-1101(03)00039-x |
<div align=center>
Right and left valve of the same specimen:
These animals show exceptional longevity with a highest reported age, for [[Ming (clam)|Ming the clam]], of 507 years. This makes it the longest living non-colonial metazoan species with an authenticated lifespan.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author1=Munro, D.|author2 = Blier, P.U. | year = 2012 | title = The extreme longevity of ''Arctica islandica'' is associated with increased peroxidation resistance in mitochondrial membranes | journal = Aging Cell | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 845–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00847.x}}</ref><ref>[http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~ossa07/Articles/Catalyst_23_1_526.pdf Butler P.G. (2012), ''Clam shells, climate change and ageing: The mollusc that had 500 birthdays''. Catalyst Secondary School Review, 23(1), 6-8]</ref><ref>[http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~ossa07/Papers/Karney_etal_2012_GGG.pdf P. Bulter ''et al.'' (2012), ''Characterising the microstructure of Arctica islandica shells using NanoSIMS and EBSD''. Geophysics, Geochemistry, Geosystems 13(4), Q04002 doi: 10.1029/201]</ref> It is unknown how long it could have lived if it had not been collected alive by an expedition in 2006. In 1868 one specimen, collected alive near [[Iceland]], was 374 years old. The study of its growth rate and the oxygen isotope data showed that it had a highly variable growth at the peak of the [[Little Ice Age]] around 1550–1620 and mild climate near its end around 1765–1780 and had recorded the volcanic eruption of [[Mount Tambora]] in 1815.<ref>Schone B.R. et al. 2005. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 228, 130-148.</ref> One study found that in animals aged 4–192 years, antioxidant enzymes declined rapidly in the first 25 years, which includes the growth and sexual maturity stages, but afterwards remained stable for over 150 years. Though more detailed studies are warranted, it appears this species is a case of [[negligible senescence]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Arctica_islandica | title=Ocean quahog clam (Arctica islandica) longevity, ageing, and life history}}</ref> In contrast to the exceptionally long-lived populations in relatively deep, cold parts of its range, more southern populations that experience greater seasonal variations in salinity and temperature are typically far shorter-lived. For example, ''A. islandica'' from the German [[Bay of Kiel]] typically only reach an age of about 30 years and those from the [[German Bight]] about 150.<ref>Strahl, Julia (2011). Life strategies in the long-lived bivalve Arctica islandica on a latitudinal climate gradient – Environmental constraints and evolutionary adaptations. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, [[University of Bremen]].</ref> ▼
<gallery mode="packed" length="400">
File:Arctica islandica 01.jpg|Right valve
File:Arctica islandica 02.jpg|Left valve
</gallery>
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==Life cycle and longevity==
''Arctica Islandica'' shows slower growth rate than other species of clams, it takes an average rate of 4 days for birth (embryo to larvae stage). Furthermore, it takes an average of 5.8 years for ''A. Islandica'' to reach maturity; at this point the somatic costs start going down. [[Dynamic Energy Model]]s (DEM) predict that ''Arctica islandica'''s extreme longevity arises from lowered somatic maintenance costs and a low aging acceleration.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Energetics of the extremely long-living bivalve Arctica islandica based on a Dynamic Energy Budget model|pages=173–182|journal=Journal of Sea Research | volume=143 | doi=10.1016/j.seares.2018.09.016|date=January 2019|bibcode=2019JSR...143..173B|last1=Ballesta-Artero | first1=Irene|last2=Augustine|first2=Starrlight | last3=Witbaard|first3=Rob | last4=Carroll|first4=Michael L.|last5=Mette|first5=Madelyn J.|last6=Wanamaker Alan|first6=D.|last7=Van Der Meer|first7=Jaap|s2cid=92037627 |url=http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/61/321561.pdf}}</ref> For individuals in populations in cold areas the growth rate is probably further slowed because growth only occurs in summer.<ref name="Ballesta-Artero2017">{{cite journal |last1=Ballesta-Artero |first1=Irene |last2=Witbaard |first2=Rob |last3=Carroll |first3=Michael L. |last4=van der Meer |first4=Jaap |title=Environmental factors regulating gaping activity of the bivalve ''Arctica islandica'' in Northern Norway |journal=Marine Biology |date=2017 |volume=164 |issue=5 |page=116 |doi=10.1007/s00227-017-3144-7|pmid=28546647 |pmc=5409809 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This slow life style results in exceptional longevity with a highest reported age, for [[Ming (clam)|Ming the clam]], of 507 years. This makes it the longest living non-colonial metazoan species with an authenticated lifespan.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author1=Butler, P.|author2 = Wanamaker, A. Jr.|author3 = Scourse, J.|author4 = Richardson, C.|author5 = Reynolds, D. | year = 2013 | title = Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve ''Arctica islandica'' | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 373 | pages = 141–51 | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016 |bibcode = 2013PPP...373..141B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Butler | first1 = P.G. | year = 2012 | title = Clam shells, climate change and ageing: The mollusc that had 500 birthdays | url = http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~ossa07/Articles/Catalyst_23_1_526.pdf | journal = Catalyst Secondary School Review | volume = 23 | issue = 1| pages = 6–8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bulter | first1 = P. | display-authors = etal | year = 2012 | title = Characterising the microstructure of Arctica islandica shells using NanoSIMS and EBSD | url = http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~ossa07/Papers/Karney_etal_2012_GGG.pdf | journal = Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems| volume = 13 | issue = 4| page = Q04002 | doi = 10.1029/2011GC003961 | bibcode = 2012GGG....13.4002K | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is unknown how long it could have lived if it had not been collected alive by an expedition in 2006.
This characteristic has proven useful in the science of [[sclerochronology]], the study of periodic physical and chemical features in the hard tissues of animals that grow by accretion, and is especially valuable for modeling of paleoclimates. In 1868 one specimen, collected alive near [[Iceland]], was 374 years old. The study of its growth rate and the oxygen isotope data showed that it had a highly variable growth at the peak of the [[Little Ice Age]] around 1550–1620 and mild climate near its end around 1765–1780 and had recorded the volcanic eruption of [[Mount Tambora]] in 1815.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schone | first1 = B.R. | display-authors = etal | year = 2005 | title = Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah (Arctica islandica, Mollusca; Iceland)| journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 228 | issue = 1–2| pages = 130–148 | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.049 | bibcode = 2005PPP...228..130S }}</ref>
==See also==▼
*[[List of long-living organisms]]▼
*[[Maximum life span]]▼
*[[Ming (clam)]]▼
▲
==Feeding ecology==
Like other clam species, ''Arctica islandica'' is a [[filter feeder]]. Feeding activity appears regulated by light levels, which can be used as a proxy for food availability. This means that at the northern extreme of the distribution, feeding is concentrated during eight months of the year, while during the rest of the year the clams only feed for a few days a month.<ref name="Ballesta-Artero2017" />
▲==See also==
▲* [[List of long-living organisms]]
▲* [[Maximum life span]]
▲* [[Ming (clam)]]
== Notes ==
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==External links==
*[http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/tm/tm148/tm148.pdf Ocean quahog, ''Arctica islandica'', Life history and habitat] from the [[NOAA]].▼
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071031151756/http://www.palaeontologie.uni-mainz.de/Forschung/Publikationen/pdf/Schoene%20et%20al%202005%20PPP%20228_130-_Climate%20records%20sclero%20Arctica%20islandica%20Iceland%20ox%20carb%20iso%20d18O%20d13C.pdf Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah]▼
{{Commons category|Arctica islandica}}
▲* [http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/tm/tm148/tm148.pdf Ocean quahog, ''Arctica islandica'', Life history and habitat] from the [[NOAA]].
{{commercial molluscs}}▼
▲* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071031151756/http://www.palaeontologie.uni-mainz.de/Forschung/Publikationen/pdf/Schoene%20et%20al%202005%20PPP%20228_130-_Climate%20records%20sclero%20Arctica%20islandica%20Iceland%20ox%20carb%20iso%20d18O%20d13C.pdf Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah]
{{Edible molluscs}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q856177}}
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[[Category:Marine molluscs of North America]]
[[Category:Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Negligibly senescent organisms]]
[[Category:Molluscs described in 1767]]
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