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[[File:Josef H Neumann- Gustav I (1976).jpg|thumb|[[Josef H. Neumann]]: ''Gustav I'' (1976)]]{{Not to be confused with|Chemigram}}
A '''chemogram''' (from "chemistry", "optic" and ''gramma'', Greek for "things written")<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=-gram|encyclopedia=The New Oxford American Dictionary|edition=2nd}}</ref> is an experimental art where a [[photographic image]] is partly or fully enlarged and processed onto [[photographic paper]] in the [[darkroom]] and afterwards selectively painted over in full light with chemicals used in photographic processing. Due to the production process chemograms can be considered works of [[abstract photography]].
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==History==
Chemograms are a further development of a [[Chemigram]] originally presented in 1956 by the Belgian artist [[Pierre Cordier]].<ref>Antonio Luis Ramos Molina. "La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística" Tesis Doctoral, S. 293-297, Universidad de Granada 2018.</ref> Probably under the influence of the Dresden painter [[Edmund Kesting]], who had been experimenting with photo chemicals on black and white photo paper six years earlier, in 1950, and who presented his resulting works under the heading of "chemical painting".<ref>Edmund Kesting exhibition catalog Albertinum, Staatl.Kunstsammlung Dresden Kupferstich-Kabinett 1988/89</ref> Although Johann Schulze, [[Hippolyte Bayard]], [[Maurice Tabard]] and [[Edmund Kesting]] had experimented in obtaining chemigram-like images before, [[Pierre Cordier]] is considered the pioneer of the chemigram and of its development as a means of artistic expression.
The term "chemogram" (German: "Chemogramm") was coined in
Neumann worked not only with a brush or cotton ball on black and white photo paper, but also exposed photo during the process. So this chemogram Neumann seventies of the 20th century differs beginning of the previously created decades cameraless [[Photogram]]. These artworks were almost simultaneously with the invention of photography of various important artists as distinctive in its initial phase [[Hippolyte Bayard]], [[Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)|Thomas Wedgwood]], [[William Henry Fox Talbot]] and later inziniert in the twenties [[Man Ray]] and [[László Moholy-Nagy]] and in the 30s by the painter [[Edmund Kesting]] and [[Christian Schad]], by draped objects directly on suitably sensitized photographic paper and using a light source without use camera pictured.<ref>Gabriele Richter: Joseph H. Neumann. Chemogramme. in: Color Foto. Heft 12, 1976, p. 24.</ref> As the optic during the production process played a decisive role for him, he changed the term "chemigram" by replacing the letter „i“ with „o“.<ref>Harald Mante, Josef H. Neumann: ''Filme kreativ nutzen''. Photographie Verlag, Schaffhausen 1987, pp. 94-95.</ref>
▲The term "chemogram" (German: "Chemogramm") was coined in 1976 by the photo designer [[Josef H. Neumann]] from [[Dortmund]]. He had learned the technique of creating [[chemigram]]s from his Professor [[Pan Walther]],<ref>Hannes Schmidt: Bemerkungen zu den Chemogrammen von Josef Neumann. Ausstellung in der Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther. in: Photo-Presse. Heft 22, 1976, p. 6.</ref> who had adopted it from [[Edmund Kesting]] – both coming from [[Dresden]].
==Process==
▲[[File:Traumarbeit 1976.jpg.jpg|thumb|Josef H. Neumann: Traumarbeit [Dreamwork] (1976)]]
A chemogram is a product of both [[photographic processing]] and [[painting]] on [[photographic paper]]. Unlike [[chemigram]]s the production process of chemograms consists of two different steps. First an [[enlarger]] is used to partly or fully process a [[photographic image]] onto [[photographic paper]] in the darkness of the [[darkroom]]. As soon as the preferred development of the image is reached, the photographic process is interrupted and the photographic paper is exposed to full light and treated with [[Photographic developer|developer]] and [[Photographic fixer|fixer]] (or other chemicals) like a [[chemigram]]. The procedure can be repeated until the chemogram is finished.<ref>Harald Mante, Josef H. Neumann: ''Filme kreativ nutzen''. Photographie Verlag, Schaffhausen 1987, pp. 94-95.</ref>
<ref>Exhibition Museo de Arte Moderno de Bucaramanga Colombia 6.9.2018 - 31.10.2018 </ref>
During the first part of the production the artist
In 1974, within Josef H. Neumann's chemogram, the interface between the artistic media of painting and photography that existed up to that point was closed for the first time in an art-historically relevant manner.
In September 2018, the Museo de Arte Moderno in Bucaramanga, Colombia, published further chemograms by the photo artist Josef H. Neumann, which he called “digital chemograms” under the influence of the now digital techniques and use of a “digital brush” on the computer.
Digital chemogram
In September 2018, the Museo de Arte Moderno in Bucaramanga, Colômbia, published further chemograms by the photo artist Josef H. Neumann, which he called “digital chemograms” under the influence of now digital techniques and the use of a “digital brush” on the computer.
▲During the first part of the production the artist is in full control regarding the selection of the image and the duration of the photographic processing, whereas in the second part the control only remains with the spots where the colorless chemicals are applied. The exact reactions of the chemicals, which generate the final colours in those spots, are widely unpredictable. Therefore each chemogram is unique.
[[File:Paris Trocadero.jpg|thumb|[[Josef H. Neumann]]:''Trocadero Paris'' (2017)]]
== Notes ==
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==References==
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* {{in lang|es}} {{citation
|last=Ramos Molina|first=Antonio Luis|title=La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística. |year=2018|publisher=Universidad Granada|location=Granada 2018|pages=293–297}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemogram}}
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