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{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = 1994 Group
| image = 1994 Group.svg
| caption =
| formation = 1994
|Dissolved dissolved = 2013
| type = Association of UK universities
| headquarters =
| location = United Kingdom
| membership = 11
| leader_title = Chair of the Board
| leader_name = Professor [[Michael Farthing]]
| key_people = Executive Director:<br />Alex Bols
| website = {{URL|http://www.1994group.ac.uk/}}
}}
 
The '''1994 Group''' was a coalition of smaller research-intensive [[university|universities]] in the United Kingdom, founded in 1994 to defend theirthese universities' interests following the creation of the [[Russell Group]] by larger research-intensive universities earlier that year. The 1994 Group originally represented seventeen universities, rising to nineteen, and then dropping to eleven. The group started to falter in 2012, when a number of high performing members left to join the [[Russell Group]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russell Group 'a more natural fit'|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/russell-group-a-more-natural-fit/419331.article|publisher=THE|date=15 March 2013|access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> The 1994 Group ultimately dissolved in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=1994 Group disbands|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/1994-group-disbands/2008862.article|publisher=THE|date=8 November 2013|access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="1994 Group">{{cite web|last=Group|first=1994|title=Statement from the Board of the 1994 Group|url=http://1994group.co.uk/press-release.php?post_id=165|publisher=1994 Group|accessdateaccess-date=08/11/8 November 2013}}</ref>
 
==Role==
The group sought "to represent the views of its members on the current state and the future of higher education through discussions with the government, funding bodies, and other higher education interest groups" and "makes its views known through its research publications and in the media".<ref name=web-1994>{{cite web|title=1994 Group website|url=http://1994group.co.uk/|publisher=1994 Group|accessdate=24 September 2013}}</ref>
The group sought "to represent the views of its members on the current state and the future of higher education through discussions with the government, funding bodies, and other higher education interest groups" and "[made] its views known through its research publications and in the media".<ref name="web-1994">{{cite web|title=1994 Group website|url=http://1994group.co.uk/|publisher=1994 Group|access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref> [[University Alliance]], [[million+]], [[GuildHE]] and the [[Russell Group]] were its fellow university membership groups across the UK higher education sector.
 
==Members at time of dissolution==
[[University Alliance]], [[million+]], [[GuildHE]] and the [[Russell Group]] were its fellow university membership groups across the UK higher education sector.
 
==Members==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Institution
Line 27 ⟶ 28:
!Established
!Gained university status
!Vice-chancellor <br /> (or equivalent)
!Total Numbernumber of Studentsstudents
!Research Fundingfunding (£,000Thousand)
|-
|[[Birkbeck, University of London]]
Line 35 ⟶ 36:
|1823
|1920
|[[David Latchman|Professor David Latchman]] <br />(Master)
|19,020
|9,985
Line 43 ⟶ 44:
|1963
|1963
|[[Edward Acton (academic)|Professor EdwardDavid Acton]]Maguire
|19,585
|16,482
Line 59 ⟶ 60:
|1891
|1904
|[[Frances Corner|Professor Frances Corner]] (Warden)
|[[Pat Loughrey|Dr Pat Loughrey]]
|7,615
|8,539
Line 67 ⟶ 68:
|1902
|1932
|[[ChrisLi HusbandsWei (linguist)|Professor ChrisLi HusbandsWei]]<br /> (Director)
|7,215
|7,734
Line 75 ⟶ 76:
|1964
|1964
|[[MarkAndy Smith (academic)Schofield|Professor MarkAndy SmithSchofield]]
|12,695
|18,640
Line 83 ⟶ 84:
|1921
|1957
|[[RobertNishan Burgess (professor)Canagarajah|Professor RobertNishan BurgessCanagarajah]]
|16,160
|22,225
Line 91 ⟶ 92:
|1909
|1966
|[[RobertNick AllisonJennings (academiccomputer scientist)|Professor RobertNick AllisonJennings]]
|17,825
|22,398
Line 99 ⟶ 100:
|1849
|1900
|[http://www.sussex.ac.uk/vc/profile198096.html[Julie Sanders|Professor PaulJulie LayzellSanders]] (Principal)
|7,620
|13,699
Line 107 ⟶ 108:
|1916
|1916
|[[PaulAdam WebleyHabib|Professor PaulAdam WebleyHabib]] (Director)
|4,525
|7,238
Line 115 ⟶ 116:
|1961
|1961
|[[MichaelSasha FarthingRoseneil|Professor MichaelSasha FarthingRoseneil]]
|12,415
|16,196
|}
 
==1994 Group position in league tables==
{{See also|Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! University
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]]''<ref name="Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013">{{cite web|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html|accessdate=24 September 2013|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy}}</ref><br>(2013, World)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[QS World University Rankings|QS]]''<ref name="QS World University Rankings 2013-14">{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013|title=QS World University Rankings 2013/14|accessdate=24 September 2013|publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds}}</ref><br>(2013/14, World)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|THE]]''<ref name="THE World University Rankings 2013-14">{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2013-14/world-ranking|title=THE World University Rankings 2013-2014|accessdate=3 October 2013|publisher=THE}}</ref><br>(2013/14, World)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom#The Complete University Guide|Complete]]''<ref name="Complete League Table 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings|title=University League Table 2014|accessdate=24 September 2013|publisher=The Complete University Guide}}</ref><br>(2014, National)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom#The Guardian|The Guardian]]''<ref name="The Guardian University Guide 2014">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/table/2013/jun/03/university-league-table-2014|title=University guide 2014: University league table|accessdate=3 June 2013|publisher=The Guardian|date=3 June 2013}}</ref><br>(2014, National)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom#The Sunday Times|Times/Sunday Times]]''<ref name="Sunday Times University Guide 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/University_Guide/|title=The Times and Sunday Times University League Tables 2014|accessdate=22 September 2013|publisher=Times Newspapers}} {{paywall}}</ref><br>(2014, National)
 
|-
| Birkbeck, University of London
| -
| 374
| 201-225
| -
| -
| -
|-
| University of East Anglia
| 201-300
| 229
| 174
| 20
| 17
| 17
|-
| University of Essex
| 401-500
| 338
| 251-275
| 39
| 63
| 39
|-
| Goldsmiths, University of London
| -
| 461-470
| -
| 51
| 58
| 48
|-
| Institute of Education, University of London
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
| University of Lancaster
| 301-400
| 156
| 137
| 11
| 11
| 12
|-
| University of Leicester
| 201-300
| 202
| 161
| 16
| 13
| 14
|-
| Loughborough University
| -
| 244
| 351-400
| 14
| 14
| 21
|-
| Royal Holloway, University of London
| -
| 265
| 102
| 30
| 38
| 28
|-
| School of Oriental and African Studies
| -
| 337
| -
| 33
| 22
| 24
|-
| University of Sussex
| 101-150
| 193
| 121
| 31
| 50
| 32
|}
 
Line 251 ⟶ 150:
|-
|University of Essex
|Wivenhoe (Essex)
|Colchester
|1994
|
Line 267 ⟶ 166:
|Institute of Education, University of London
|London
|2009<ref name=IoE>{{cite web|title=Institute of Education joins 1994 Group|url=http://www.ioe.ac.uk/newsEvents/28757.html|accessdateaccess-date=23 September 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
Line 277 ⟶ 176:
|University of Leicester
|Leicester
|2006<ref name=New2006>{{cite news|title=Four more universities join 1994 group|url=httphttps://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/jun/13/highereducation.research1|accessdateaccess-date=23 September 2013|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
|
|-
Line 333 ⟶ 232:
|Coventry
|1994
|2008<ref>{{cite webmagazine|title=Warwick University -– V-c explains exit from 1994 Group|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/warwick-university-v-c-explains-exit-from-1994-group/401221.article|publishermagazine=Times Higher Education|accessdateaccess-date=24 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[University of York]]
Line 341 ⟶ 240:
|}
 
The [[University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology]] (UMIST), which merged with the [[Victoria University of Manchester]] to form the [[University of Manchester]], was a member of the 1994 Group until October 2004. The [[London School of Economics]] was also a member until 2006, and the [[University of Warwick]] until July 2008. [[Durham University]], [[University of Exeter]], [[Queen Mary, University of London]] and [[University of York]] left in 2012. All have now joined the [[Russell Group]].<ref name="russellgroup.ac.uk">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = Russell Group: News and Policy Statements -– 2012 -– Russell Group of universities agrees to expand | url = http://russellgroup.ac.uk/russell-group-latest-news/151-2012/5216-russell-group-of-universities-agrees-to-expand/ | publisheraccess-date = 12 March 2012| datearchive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120314221641/http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/russell-group-latest-news/151-2012/5216-russell-group-of-universities-agrees-to-expand| accessdatearchive-date = 1214 March 2012| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> In October, the [[University of St Andrews]] and [[University of Bath]] withdrew from membership of the group.<ref name="Bath Statement">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = University of Bath withdraws from 1994 Group | url = http://www.bath.ac.uk/news/2012/10/30/1994press/ | publisher = | access-date = | accessdate = 30 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Surrey and ST Andrew's">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = Will the last university to leave the 1994 Group please turn out the lights | url = http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=421750&c=1 | publisher = THE | date = 6 November 2012 | accessdateaccess-date = 7 November 2012}}</ref> The [[University of Surrey]] also announced its intention to leave the group on 6 November 2012.<ref name="Times Higher Tweet">{{cite web|title=University of Surrey announces it is to leave 1994 Group|url=https://twitter.com/timeshighered/status/265774169441071104|accessdateaccess-date=6 November 2012}}</ref> On 19 December 2012 the [[University of Reading]] announced that it would cease to participate in the group, although its membership formally ended in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=1994 Group leaks yet another member|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=422179&c=1|publisher=THE|accessdateaccess-date=19 December 2012}}</ref>
 
==1994 Group position in league tables==
==Governance and management structure==
{{See also|Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom}}
The 1994 Group was headed by a Board made up of the heads of member institutions. The Board met formally five times a year. In addition, an annual residential conference took place in the summer where longer-term strategic issues were discussed.<ref name=web-1994 /> The Board had responsibility for determining strategy and agreeing all policy papers, position statements and consultation responses, and responsibility for the governance of all joint activity.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! University
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]]''<ref name="Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013">{{cite web|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html|access-date=24 September 2013|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy|archive-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311085241/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>(2013, World)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[QS World University Rankings|QS]]''<ref name="QS World University Rankings 2013-14">{{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013|title=QS World University Rankings 2013/14|access-date=24 September 2013|publisher=Quacquarelli Symonds}}</ref><br>(2013/14, World)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|THE]]''<ref name="THE World University Rankings 2013-14">{{cite web|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2013-14/world-ranking|title=THE World University Rankings 2013–2014|access-date=3 October 2013|publisher=THE}}</ref><br>(2013/14, World)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom#The Complete University Guide|Complete]]''<ref name="Complete League Table 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings|title=University League Table 2014|access-date=24 September 2013|publisher=The Complete University Guide}}</ref><br>(2014, National)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom#The Guardian|The Guardian]]''<ref name="The Guardian University Guide 2014">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/table/2013/jun/03/university-league-table-2014|title=University guide 2014: University league table|access-date=3 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 June 2013}}</ref><br>(2014, National)
! data-sort-type="number" | ''[[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom#The Times/The Sunday Times|Times/Sunday Times]]''<ref name="Sunday Times University Guide 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/University_Guide/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719070112/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/University_Guide/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2014|title=The Times and Sunday Times University League Tables 2014|access-date=22 September 2013|publisher=Times Newspapers}} {{subscription required}}</ref><br>(2014, National)
 
|-
The Chair was elected by Board members for a three-year term of office. Professor Michael Farthing, Vice-Chancellor of University of Sussex, was elected Chair in 2011.<ref name=web-1994 /> The Chair was the national spokesperson for the Group and represented its interests where a senior representative of the Group was required. The Chair had overall responsibility for the development and delivery of the Communication Strategy on behalf of the Board.
| Birkbeck, University of London
| –
| 374
| 201–225
| –
| –
| –
|-
| University of East Anglia
| 201–300
| 229
| 174
| 20
| 17
| 17
|-
| University of Essex
| 401–500
| 338
| 251–275
| 39
| 63
| 39
|-
| Goldsmiths, University of London
| –
| 461–470
| –
| 51
| 58
| 48
|-
| Institute of Education, University of London
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
|-
| University of Lancaster
| 301–400
| 156
| 137
| 11
| 11
| 12
|-
| University of Leicester
| 201–300
| 202
| 161
| 16
| 13
| 14
|-
| Loughborough University
| –
| 244
| 351–400
| 14
| 14
| 21
|-
| Royal Holloway, University of London
| –
| 265
| 102
| 30
| 38
| 28
|-
| School of Oriental and African Studies
| –
| 337
| –
| 33
| 22
| 24
|-
| University of Sussex
| 101–150
| 193
| 121
| 31
| 50
| 32
|}
 
==Governance and management structure==
The Chair was assisted by a Chair’s Advisory Group (CAG) elected from the Board for a three-year period of office (initial membership was staggered to ensure a rolling change of membership).<ref name=web-1994 /> The CAG met on four occasions each year. CAG members had a general brief for assisting the Chair in the development of all areas of Group policy (including management of the relationship with the Policy Groups). The CAG had a central role in the development of relationships with Government, Funding Bodies, and HE Stakeholder Organisations.
The 1994 Group was headed by a board made up of the heads of member institutions. The board met formally five times a year. In addition, an annual residential conference took place in the summer where longer-term strategic issues were discussed.<ref name="web-1994" /> The board had responsibility for determining strategy and agreeing all policy papers, position statements and consultation responses, and responsibility for the governance of all joint activity.
 
The chair was elected by board members for a three-year term of office. Professor Michael Farthing, vice-chancellor of University of Sussex, was elected chair in 2011.<ref name="web-1994" /> The chair was the national spokesperson for the group and represented its interests where a senior representative of the group was required. The chair had overall responsibility for the development and delivery of the communication strategy on behalf of the board.
==Policy Groups==
Previous chairs included:
The 1994 Group had three high-level Policy Groups that met three times a year to discuss longer-term strategy and policy issues.<ref name=web-1994 />
1997-2000 Sir [[Ivor Crewe]] (Essex);
2000-03 Alisdair Smith (Sussex);
2003-06 Sir [[David Eastwood]] (UEA);
2006-09 Sir [[Steve Smith (political scientist)|Steve Smith]] (Exeter);
2009-12 [[Paul Wellings]] CBE (Lancaster);
2012- close [[Michael Farthing]] (Sussex).
 
The chair was assisted by a Chair's Advisory Group (CAG) elected from the board for a three-year period of office (initial membership was staggered to ensure a rolling change of membership).<ref name="web-1994" /> The CAG met on four occasions each year. CAG members had a general brief for assisting the chair in the development of all areas of group policy (including management of the relationship with the Policy Groups). The CAG had a central role in the development of relationships with government, funding bodies, and HE stakeholder organisations.
The 1994 Group’s Student Experience Policy Group aimed to identify the key issues surrounding student experience in the HE sector, defining the 1994 Group’s own position in this context, and identifying potential areas for research and activity in the future.
 
==Policy groups==
The Research and Enterprise Policy Group aimed to strengthen the research carried out by its members by investigating funding and other issues.
The 1994 Group had three high-level Policy Groups that met three times a year to discuss longer-term strategy and policy issues.<ref name="web-1994" /> The 1994 Group's Student Experience Policy Group aimed to identify the key issues surrounding student experience in the HE sector, defining the 1994 Group's own position in this context, and identifying potential areas for research and activity in the future. The Research and Enterprise Policy Group aimed to strengthen the research carried out by its members by investigating funding and other issues. The Strategic Planning and Resources Policy Group developed policies and guidelines in response legislative and financial changes affecting the group's members.<ref name="web-1994" />
 
The Strategic Planning and Resources Policy Group developed policies and guidelines in response legislative and financial changes affecting the group's members.
 
==Unions 94==
Established in 2006, [[Unions 94]] was a loose coalition of Students' Unions within the 1994 Group.
 
==See also==
Line 368 ⟶ 367:
'''Types of UK university'''
* [[Ancient university]]
* [[Red Brickbrick university]]
* [[Plate glass university]]
* [[Technological university]]
* [[Campus university]]
 
'''International Groupsgroups of Universitiesuniversities'''
* [[Association of American Universities]]
* [[Group of Eight (Australian universities)|Group of Eight]]
* [[Innovative Research Universities Australia]]
* [[U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities]]
* [[Ivy League]]
* [[U15 (German universities)|U15]]
* [[Universitas 21]]
 
==External links==
* [http://www.1994group.ac.uk 1994 Group of Universities]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
== External links ==
* {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117131130/http://www.1994group.ac.uk/ |date=17 January 2013 |title=Official website}}
 
{{The 1994 Group}}
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[[Category:College and university associations and consortia in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
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