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[[File:Treaty of Trianon , January 1920.webm|thumb|upright=1.4|Newsreel about Treaty of Trianon, 1920]]
[[File:Demographics of Austria and Hungary in Europe before WW1.png|thumb|300px|Demographics of pre-WW1 Austrian Empire (red) and Kingdom of Hungary (green) in Europe]]
The '''Treaty of Trianon''' ({{langx|fr|Traité de Trianon}}; {{langx|hu|Trianoni békeszerződés}}; {{langx|it|Trattato del Trianon}}; {{langx|ro|Tratatul de la Trianon}})
Hungary, as part of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]], had been involved in the First World War since August 1914. After its allies – Bulgaria and later Turkey – [[Armistice of Salonica| signed armistices with the Entente]], the political elite in Budapest opted to end the war as well. On 31 October 1918, [[Mihály Károlyi#Károlyi's cabinet|the Budapest government]] declared independence of Hungary from Austria and immediately began peace talks with the Allies. Despite the end of hostilities, the Entente Allies – Hungary's neighbours – [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] (which just declared its independence on 28 October 1918), Romania, and Yugoslavia put Hungary under an economic blockade. They deprived Hungary of importing food, fuel (coal and petrol) and other important goods. In an attempt to alleviate the economic crisis, succeeding Hungarian governments pleaded with the Entente to lift the blockade and restore regional trade.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4206164.pdf | jstor=4206164 | last1=Krizman | first1=Bogdan | title=The Belgrade Armistice of 13 November 1918 | journal=The Slavonic and East European Review | date=1970 | volume=48 | issue=110 | pages=67–87 }}</ref> First peace talks led to an [[Armistice of Belgrade|armistice in Belgrade]] on 13 November 1918: Hungary undertook to demobilise its army and granted the Allies the right to occupy the south ([[Vojvodina]] and Croatia) and east of Hungary (south [[Transylvania]]) until a peace treaty was signed. In December 1918, Budapest allowed the Czechoslovak troops to occupy northern Hungary ([[Slovakia]]) as well. In exchange, Budapest hoped to reopen foreign trade and supply coal.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795 | doi=10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795 | date=2023 | volume=34 | issue=1 | last1=Piahanau | first1=Aliaksandr | title='Each Wagon of Coal Should be Paid for with Territorial concessions.' Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21 | journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft | pages=86–116 }}</ref>
In order to extend their zones of occupation in Hungary, [[Hungarian–Romanian War#April–June 1919|Romania]] and [[Hungarian–Czechoslovak War|Czechoslovakia]] moved their armies further into Hungary in April 1919, provoking a renewal of hostilities between these three countries. In June 1919, the Entente powers ordered Budapest, Prague, and Bucharest to cease fighting and accept new demarcation lines that would be guaranteed as the future borders of Hungary. Despite temporary military successes against the Czechs, Budapest accepted the offer and withdrew its army behind the demarcation line. Bucharest, however, ignored the Entente order and continued its offensive.
However, the Entente pressed the Romanians to leave Budapest in November 1919 and orchestrated formation of a [[Károly Huszár|new Hungarian coalition government]]. The new cabinet was invited to attend the Paris Peace Conference. In January 1920, it received the Allied proposal for a peace treaty. The treaty stipulated the legalization of the demarcation lines of 13 June 1919 as the new borders and guaranteed the end of the blockade and the restoration of free trade between the former Habsburg lands and the import of coal into Hungary. [[Sándor Simonyi-Semadam|The government in Budapest]] and the Hungarian Parliament (opened in February 1920) accepted the peace terms. While it welcomed the restoration of peace and trade, it still formally protested against the cession of their former territories without plebiscites. The Peace Treaty was signed on 4 June 1920, ratified by Hungary on 16 November 1920 and came into force on 26 July 1921.
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The principal beneficiaries were the [[Kingdom of Romania]], the [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]], the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later [[Yugoslavia]]), and the [[First Austrian Republic]]. But it also led to international recognition of Hungary and of its sovereignty. The treaty canceled the Belgrade armistice, which gave right to the Allied powers to occupy Hungary. The treaty also granted Hungarian citizens abroad right of protection of their property from nationalization. Most importantly, it guaranteed the free trade between Hungary, Austria, and Czechoslovakia (for 5 years), and obliged Czechoslovakia and Poland to supply coal to Hungary in "reasonable quantity". One of the main elements of the treaty was the doctrine of "[[self-determination]] of peoples", and it was an attempt to give the non-Hungarians their own national states.<ref name="Martin1998">{{cite book|last1=van den Heuvel |first1=Martin P. |last2=Siccama |first2=J. G. |title=The Disintegration of Yugoslavia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PphwDIRNHzAC&pg=PA126|year=1992|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-5183-349-0|page=126}}</ref> In addition, Hungary had to pay [[war reparations]] to its neighbours.
The treaty was dictated by the Allies rather than negotiated, and the Hungarians faced an option to accept or reject its terms in full. The Hungarian delegation signed the treaty under protest, and agitation for its revision began immediately.<ref name="Columbia">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Trianon, Treaty of|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrianonTr.html|encyclopedia=[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]]|year=2009}}</ref>{{sfn| Tucker | Roberts | 2005| p = 1183| ps = : "Virtually the entire population of what remained of Hungary regarded the Treaty of Trianon as manifestly unfair, and agitation for revision began immediately."}} The current boundaries of [[Hungary]] are for the most part the same as those defined by the Treaty of Trianon. Minor modifications occurred in 1921-1924 on the Hungarian-Austrian border and the transfer of three villages to Czechoslovakia in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vasiszemle.hu/2008/06/botlik.htm |title=AZ ŐRVIDÉKI (BURGENLANDI) MAGYARSÁG SORSA |last=Botlik |first=József |date=June 2008 |website=vasiszemle.hu |publisher=VASI SZEMLE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adatbank.sk/lexikon/pozsonyi-hidfo/|website=Szlovákiai Magyar Adatbank |title=Pozsonyi hídfő}}</ref> However, the actual borders of Hungary stem out from the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947]], which cancelled the territorial [[Vienna Award|aggrandizement of Hungary in 1938–1941]]. The Paris treaty of 1947 de-facto restored the Trianon borders of Hungary.
After [[World War I]], despite the "self-determination of peoples" idea of the [[Woodrow Wilson|US President Wilson]], the Allies refused to organise plebiscites in Hungary to draw its new borders. The Allies explained this decision in a cover [[Millerand letter|letter]], which accompanied the text of the Peace Treaty with Hungary. The letter, signed by the President of the Paris Peace Conference, [[Alexandre Millerand|Alexander Millerand]], dated 6 May 1920, stated that the Entente Powers and their allies determined new borders of Hungary without plebiscites due to their belief that "a popular consultation ... would not produce significantly different results". At the same time, the letter suggested that the [[Organisation of the League of Nations#Council|Council of the League of Nations]] might offer its mediation to rectify the new borders amicably if suggested by the delimitation commission.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53270950/f670.item | title=Documents diplomatiques français. 1920-1932. 1920, Tome I, 10 janvier-18 mai / Ministère des affaires étrangères, Commission de publication des documents diplomatiques français ; [réd. Par Anne Hogenhuis-Seliverstoff, Corine Defrance, Traian Sandu] ; [sous la dir. De Jacques Bariéty] | date=1997 }}</ref> The Hungarian diplomacy later appealed to the Millerand letter as a Great Powers promise of future territorial revisions in favour of Hungary.
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===Unilaterial self-disarmament of the Hungarian army ===
Károlyi yielded to President Wilson's demand for [[pacifism]] by ordering the unilateral self-disarmament of the Hungarian army.The [[Royal Hungarian Honvéd|Hungarian Royal Honvéd army]] still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers,<ref>{{cite book|author=Kitchen, Martin |title=Europe Between the Wars|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2014|page=190|isbn=978-1-317-86753-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36WsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Romsics, Ignác |title=Dismantling of Historic Hungary: The Peace Treaty of Trianon, 1920 Issue 3 of CHSP Hungarian authors series East European monographs|publisher=Social Science Monographs|year=2002|page=62|isbn=978-0-88033-505-8}}</ref> when Károlyi was announced as prime minister. This happened under the direction of Minister of War [[Béla Linder]] on 2 November 1918<ref name="Dixon 1986">Dixon J. C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OKDRvNHdraoC&pg=PA34 ''Defeat and Disarmament, Allied Diplomacy and Politics of Military Affairs in Austria, 1918–1922'']. Associated University Presses 1986. p. 34.</ref><ref name="Sharp 2008">Sharp A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NQodBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 ''The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923'']{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Palgrave Macmillan 2008. p. 156. {{ISBN|978-1-137-06968-9}}.</ref> On the request of the Austro-Hungarian government, an armistice was granted to Austria-Hungary on 3 November 1918 by the Allies.<ref name="Armstice of 3 Nov">{{cite web |title=Armistice with Austria-Hungary |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0001.pdf |website=[[Library of Congress]] |publisher=US Congress }}</ref> Disarmament of its army meant that Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. The unilateral self-disarmament made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small armies of Romania, the Franco-Serbian army, and the armed forces of the newly established Czechoslovakia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Szijj |first=Jolán |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/index.html |title=Magyarország a XX. században - I. Kötet: Politika és társadalom, hadtörténet, jogalkotás - II. Honvédelem és hadügyek |publisher=Babits Kiadó |year=1996–2000 |isbn=963-9015-08-3 |editor-last=Kollega Tarsoly |editor-first=István |volume=1 |location=Szekszárd |language=Hungarian |trans-title=Hungary in the XX. century - Volume I: Politics and Society, Military history, Legislation - II. National Defense and Military Affairs |chapter=Ország hadsereg nélkül (1918) |trans-chapter=A Country Without an Army (1918) |editor-last2=Bekény |editor-first2=István |editor-last3=Dányi |editor-first3=Dezső |editor-last4=Hernádi |editor-first4=László Mihály |editor-last5=Illésfalvi |editor-first5=Péter |editor-last6=Károly |editor-first6=István |chapter-url=https://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/55.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarján M. |first=Tamás |date= |title=A belgrádi fegyverszünet megkötése - 1918. november 13. |trans-title=The Belgrade Armistice - 13 November 1918 |url=https://rubicon.hu/kalendarium/1918-november-13-a-belgradi-fegyverszunet-megkotese |journal=Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) |language=Hungarian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agárdy |first=Csaba |date=6 June 2016 |title=Trianon volt az utolsó csepp - A Magyar Királyság sorsa már jóval a békeszerződés aláírása előtt eldőlt |url=https://www.veol.hu/hirek/2016/06/trianon-volt-az-utolso-csepp |journal=VEOL - Veszprém Vármegye Hírportál}}</ref> Nevertheless, small Hungarian troops were still able to resist the advancement of the Czech army in the North. Only in early December the Budapest government ordered their withdrawal following a political arrangement with Prague which established the first demarcation line between Hungary and Czechoslovakia.▼
▲This happened under the direction of Minister of War [[Béla Linder]] on 2 November 1918<ref name="Dixon 1986">Dixon J. C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OKDRvNHdraoC&pg=PA34 ''Defeat and Disarmament, Allied Diplomacy and Politics of Military Affairs in Austria, 1918–1922'']. Associated University Presses 1986. p. 34.</ref><ref name="Sharp 2008">Sharp A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NQodBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 ''The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923'']{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Palgrave Macmillan 2008. p. 156. {{ISBN|978-1-137-06968-9}}.</ref> On the request of the Austro-Hungarian government, an armistice was granted to Austria-Hungary on 3 November 1918 by the Allies.<ref name="Armstice of 3 Nov">{{cite web |title=Armistice with Austria-Hungary |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0001.pdf |website=[[Library of Congress]] |publisher=US Congress }}</ref> Disarmament of its army meant that Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. The unilateral self-disarmament made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small armies of Romania, the Franco-Serbian army, and the armed forces of the newly established Czechoslovakia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Szijj |first=Jolán |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/index.html |title=Magyarország a XX. században - I. Kötet: Politika és társadalom, hadtörténet, jogalkotás - II. Honvédelem és hadügyek |publisher=Babits Kiadó |year=1996–2000 |isbn=963-9015-08-3 |editor-last=Kollega Tarsoly |editor-first=István |volume=1 |location=Szekszárd |language=Hungarian |trans-title=Hungary in the XX. century - Volume I: Politics and Society, Military history, Legislation - II. National Defense and Military Affairs |chapter=Ország hadsereg nélkül (1918) |trans-chapter=A Country Without an Army (1918) |editor-last2=Bekény |editor-first2=István |editor-last3=Dányi |editor-first3=Dezső |editor-last4=Hernádi |editor-first4=László Mihály |editor-last5=Illésfalvi |editor-first5=Péter |editor-last6=Károly |editor-first6=István |chapter-url=https://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/55.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarján M. |first=Tamás |date= |title=A belgrádi fegyverszünet megkötése - 1918. november 13. |trans-title=The Belgrade Armistice - 13 November 1918 |url=https://rubicon.hu/kalendarium/1918-november-13-a-belgradi-fegyverszunet-megkotese |journal=Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) |language=Hungarian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agárdy |first=Csaba |date=6 June 2016 |title=Trianon volt az utolsó csepp - A Magyar Királyság sorsa már jóval a békeszerződés aláírása előtt eldőlt |url=https://www.veol.hu/hirek/2016/06/trianon-volt-az-utolso-csepp |journal=VEOL - Veszprém Vármegye Hírportál}}</ref> Nevertheless, small Hungarian troops were still able to resist the advancement of the Czech army in the North. Only in early December the Budapest government ordered their withdrawal following a political arrangement with Prague which established the first demarcation line between Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
===International reactions to the Hungarian disarmament===
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The Treaty of Trianon not only redrew Hungary's borders but also laid down rules for the restoration of economic relations between Hungary and foreign countries, including its neighbors - the Entente allies: Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. The peace treaty de facto ended the Allied blockade of Hungary and de jure ordered the resumption of regional trade and the supply of coal to Hungary from Czechoslovakia and Poland. Together with other international agreements signed at the Paris Peace Conference, such as the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Saint-Germain Peace Treaty of 1919]] and the [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1920v01/ch5 Teschen Settlement of July 1920], it provided the legal framework for overcoming the economic chaos in Central Europe caused by the First World War and exacerbated by the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian common market in late 1918.[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02707613 Breaking up a customs union: The case of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1919]
The critical element of the economic paralysis in Hungary and other Danubian countries was the shortage of coal, which had been aggravating since 1914, but became critical in 1918-1920.[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/107456668/5296-libre.pdf?1700221618=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DTowards_a_New_and_Broader_History_of_Hun.pdf&Expires=1718135549&Signature=LhS4qWARz0XjpUGkqHeDUtXWU1M8nEmSneZ1TIWbVi1Rzdoj1DaEUTUk5Pt0MIcLbQAUtX49dP5BYUptBdi6Gyz~yPC4vgbGMiJkTEPKOqP5-3fwpRFyBd7YmEJvpFh~iKE2d5H3cNgNzcir909YIM3BAae9Yzjr5hbjwCA3BH-fdCGgEu5zDFiGC1QjYF3T~4V-JZAZIwaSol4lW95BLXnPWE82ej9AlrVaCCBUE8f7pTJaQgZ5wYZpt8qD3fGWqHAIaHdKX9A1ZjuT-T1EofiOHeUtCeOoAzpKQuABh4VWRI6jOKHfM2x8Hg9OkjBvSp9liZRTHOKIlmRcnAcmig__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
[[File:Coal Production (up; blue dotted rhombus) and Coal Import (down; red squar line) in Hungary in million tons.jpg|thumb|'''Coal Production (up; blue rhombus) and Coal Import (down; red square) in Hungary in million tons''']]
As the Hungarian revolutionary leader [[Vilmos Böhm]] recalled about the Hungarian-Czech coal talks, "every wagon of coal should be paid for with territorial concessions"[https://mtda.hu/books/bohm_vilmos_ket_forradalom_tuzeben.pdf
The acute coal shortage had a profound effect on Hungary's economy and infrastructure. Industrial production and transport were severely hampered. The shortage led to desperate diplomatic efforts by the government in Budapest to secure coal supplies and stabilise the economy. In November 1918, the Hungarian government began negotiations with Czechoslovakia and the Entente powers to alleviate the coal crisis. Hungary's desperate need for coal influenced its diplomatic strategy and led it to make concessions. Hungary also sought help from the Entente, recognising that cooperation with its neighbours and the victorious powers was essential for economic recovery.[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795 ‘Each Wagon of Coal Should Be Paid for with Territorial concessions.’ Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21]
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