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Since crises is plural, food security should not have an article before it. Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
DancingOwl (talk | contribs) m DancingOwl moved page World food crises (2022–present) to World food crises (2022–2023): Outdated title - the prices dropped significantly in 2024 |
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{{Short description|Increase in food prices and shortages around the world}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
[[File:FFPI-2014-2024.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Food Price Index with 5 major commodities groups - 2014-2024
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 4px|[[FAO Food Price Index|Food Price Index]]}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|[[Meat]]}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|[[Dairy product|Dairy]]}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|[[Cereal]]s}}
{{legend-line|#FF2600 solid 3px|[[Vegetable oil|Oils]]}}
{{legend-line|#D41876 solid 3px|[[Sugar]]}}]]
[[File:Commodity Prices - 2000-2024.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Prices of soybean, wheat and corn - 2000-2024
{{legend-line|#35DB3F solid 3px|[[Soybean]]s}}
{{legend-line|blue solid 3px|[[Wheat]]}}
{{legend-line|orange solid 3px|[[Maize|Corn]]}}]]
During 2022 and 2023 there were food crises in several regions as indicated by rising [[food prices]]. In 2022, the world experienced significant food price inflation along with major [[Food security|food shortages]] in several regions. [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], [[Iran]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sudan]] and [[Iraq]] were most affected.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Prices of [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[oil seeds]], bread, pasta, flour, cooking oil, sugar, egg, chickpea and meat increased.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=2022-02-24 |title=Ukraine Invasion Threatens Global Wheat Supply |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/business/ukraine-russia-wheat-prices.html |access-date=2023-06-16 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224194252/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/business/ukraine-russia-wheat-prices.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Braun |first=Phillip |title=How The Russia-Ukraine War Has Compounded The Global Food Crisis |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/phillipbraun/2022/03/31/how-the-russia-ukraine-war-has-compounded-the-global-food-crisis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517032738/https://www.forbes.com/sites/phillipbraun/2022/03/31/how-the-russia-ukraine-war-has-compounded-the-global-food-crisis/ |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref name=":13" />
Many factors have contributed to the ongoing world food crisis. These include supply chain disruptions due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the [[2021–2023 global energy crisis]], the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], and [[2021 floods|floods]] and [[Heat waves of 2021|heatwaves]] during 2021 (which destroyed key American and European crops).<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2021 |title=A world of hurt: 2021 climate disasters raise alarm over food security |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/a-world-of-hurt-2021-climate-disasters-raise-alarm-over-food-security/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524185251/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/a-world-of-hurt-2021-climate-disasters-raise-alarm-over-food-security/ |archive-date=24 May 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> Droughts were also a factor; in early 2022, some areas of [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] lost 60–80% of their crops due to widespread drought.<ref name=":18" />
Even before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, food prices were already at a record high. 82 million East Africans and 42 million West Africans faced acute food insecurity in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bavier |first=Joe |date=2022-11-30 |title=Hunger-struck Africa needs liquidity, debt relief |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/hunger-struck-africa-needs-liquidity-debt-relief-2022-11-30/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221500/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/hunger-struck-africa-needs-liquidity-debt-relief-2022-11-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of 2022, more than 8 million Somalis were in need of food assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia faces worst famine in half a century, UN warns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/18/somalia-faces-worst-famine-in-half-a-century-un-warns |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221504/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/18/somalia-faces-worst-famine-in-half-a-century-un-warns |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2022, the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) reported a 20% rise in food prices since February 2021.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=5 March 2022 |title=Food prices jump 20.7% yr/yr to hit record high in Feb, U.N. agency says |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/food-prices-hit-record-high-february-un-agency-says-2022-03-04/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306003720/https://www.reuters.com/world/food-prices-hit-record-high-february-un-agency-says-2022-03-04/ |archive-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> The war further pushed this increase to 40% in March 2022 but was reduced to 18% by January 2023.<ref name=":0" /> But the FAO warns that inflation of food prices will continue in many countries.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=World food prices falling, and other economy stories you need to read this week |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/world-food-prices-falling-economy-stories-you-need-to-read-february-2023/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=World Economic Forum |date=10 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215191221/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/world-food-prices-falling-economy-stories-you-need-to-read-february-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Increased fuel and transport prices have made food distribution worse and more complex. Before the Russian invasion, Ukraine was the fourth-largest exporter of corn and wheat. Since then, the Russian invasion crippled supplies. This has resulted in inflation and scarcity of these commodities in dependent countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-19 |title=Ukraine War to Compound Hunger, Poverty in Africa, Experts Say |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=VOA |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324223234/https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Global food reserves have also decreased due to the [[effects of climate change on agriculture]].<ref name="Mathews" />
This caused [[food riot]]s and [[famine]] in different countries.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":24" /><ref name=":25" /> Furthermore, China acquired 51% of the world supply of wheat, 60% of rice, and 69% of corn stockpiles in the first half of 2022.<ref name=":26" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-05 |title=One Reason for Rising Food Prices? Chinese Hoarding. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-05/one-reason-for-rising-food-prices-chinese-hoarding?embedded-checkout=true |access-date=2024-11-25 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> The United States increased its farm production by April 2022, also contributing $215 million in development assistance plus $320 million for the Horn of Africa.<ref name=":7" /> A [[Black Sea Grain Initiative|grain agreement]] was signed by [[Russia]], Ukraine, [[Turkey]] and the United Nations to open Ukrainian ports.<ref name=":28" /> This resulted in grain shipment by 27 vessels from Ukraine between June and August 2022 which stalled in October and then resumed in November 2022.<ref name=":29" /> In addition, the [[World Bank]] announced a new $12 billion fund to address the food crises.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":31" />
The World Economic Forum's [[Global Risks Report]] 2023 described food supply crises as an ongoing global risk.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Global Risks Report 2023 |url=https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112223919/https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2023/ |archive-date=2023-01-12 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> The Russian invasion of Ukraine and crop failures from climate change worsened worldwide [[hunger]] and [[malnutrition]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=Global food security: These are the main challenges to feeding the world – and how we can solve them |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/global-food-security-challenges-solutions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609184935/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/global-food-security-challenges-solutions/ |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Even [[Global North]] countries known for stable food supplies have been impacted.<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |last=Philpott |first=Tom |title=As Russia's invasion roils supply chains, the world grows hungrier |url=https://www.motherjones.com/food/2022/04/russia-ukraine-wheat-fertilizer-invasion-natural-gas-energy-hunger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609183911/https://www.motherjones.com/food/2022/04/russia-ukraine-wheat-fertilizer-invasion-natural-gas-energy-hunger/ |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Mother Jones}}</ref> Analysts described this inflation as the worst since the [[2007–2008 world food price crisis]].<ref name=":0" /> However, in early 2024, the FAO reported a return to more moderate commodities market prices.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=Infographic: Global Food Commodity Prices Revert to 2021 Levels in 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/20165/un-global-food-price-index |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Statista Daily Data |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 2024 |title=World food price index falls near 3-year lows in January -FAO |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/world-food-price-index-falls-january-fao-2024-02-02/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> Moreover, the [[World Economic Forum]]'s 2024 [[Global Risks Report]] showed significantly less concern from experts but the report still highlights a risk of the [[Israel–Hamas war]] and the return of [[El Niño]].<ref name=":36" /> Both of these events could disrupt supply chains again.<ref name=":36">{{Cite book |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2024/ |title=Global Risks Report 2024 |date=January 2024 |publisher=World Economic Forum |year=2024}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}
== Price increases by region ==
[[File:Manifestantes en lima, 5 de abril de 2022.png|thumb|[[2022 Peruvian economic protests|2022 Peruvian protests]] due to increased food and fuel prices]]
[[File:9na jornada de manifestaciones, Paro Nacional 2022.png|thumb|[[2022 Ecuadorian protests]] against the economic policies of Ecuadorian president [[Guillermo Lasso]], triggered by increasing fuel and food prices]]
Rises in food prices have affected parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Protests and [[food riot]]s have occurred in more severely affected countries such as [[Iran]],<ref name=":8">{{cite news |date=27 May 2022 |title=Economic protests challenge Iran's leaders as hopes for nuclear deal fade |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Babak |last=Dehghanpisheh |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/27/iran-nuclear-deal-subsidies-protests/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610192211/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/27/iran-nuclear-deal-subsidies-protests/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sri Lanka]],<ref name=":9">{{cite news |date=20 May 2022 |title='We are going to die': Food shortages worsen Sri Lanka crisis |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/20/we-are-going-to-die-food-crisis-worsens-misery-of-sri-lankans |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609192634/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/20/we-are-going-to-die-food-crisis-worsens-misery-of-sri-lankans |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sudan]],<ref name=":10">{{cite news |date=14 March 2022 |title=Sudanese demonstrate high commodity prices as police crackdown on protesters |work=Africanews |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/03/14/sudanese-demonstrate-high-commodity-prices-as-police-crackdown-on-protesters/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604234433/http://www.africanews.com/2022/03/14/sudanese-demonstrate-high-commodity-prices-as-police-crackdown-on-protesters// |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Iraq]].<ref name=":11">{{cite news |first=Bamo |last=Nouri |date=16 May 2022 |title=Iraq food protests against spiralling prices echo early stages of the Arab Spring |work=The Conversation |url=https://theconversation.com/iraq-food-protests-against-spiralling-prices-echo-early-stages-of-the-arab-spring-179145 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529180630/https://theconversation.com/iraq-food-protests-against-spiralling-prices-echo-early-stages-of-the-arab-spring-179145 |url-status=live }}</ref> There have also been riots and other forms of unrest due to food prices rising in [[2022 Albanian protests|Albania]],<ref name=":21">{{cite news |date=12 March 2022 |title=Rising fuel and food costs spark protests in Albania, government imposes price controls |work=Euronews |agency=AP, AFP |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/03/12/rising-fuel-and-food-costs-spark-protests-in-albania-government-imposes-price-controls |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529180630/https://www.euronews.com/2022/03/12/rising-fuel-and-food-costs-spark-protests-in-albania-government-imposes-price-controls |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kenya]],<ref name=":22">{{cite news |date=23 June 2022 |title='People are hungry': food crisis starts to bite across Africa |first1=Andres |last1=Schipani |first2=Emiko |last2=Terazono |first3=Chris |last3=Campbell |url-access=subscription |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c3336e46-b852-4f10-9716-e0f9645767c4 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624165737/https://www.ft.com/content/c3336e46-b852-4f10-9716-e0f9645767c4 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indonesia]],<ref name=":23">{{cite news |date=11 April 2022 |title=Insane scenes in Indonesia as huge numbers protest over cooking oil prices |work=News.com.au |url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/world-economy/insane-scenes-in-indonesia-as-huge-numbers-protest-over-cooking-oil-prices/news-story/631d9fcf8042f59adc920febb9554cd9 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412080140/https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/world-economy/insane-scenes-in-indonesia-as-huge-numbers-protest-over-cooking-oil-prices/news-story/631d9fcf8042f59adc920febb9554cd9 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":24">{{cite news |date=8 April 2022 |title=Deadly protests in Peru as people take to streets over high costs, inflation |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/deadly-protests-peru-people-take-streets-high-costs-inflation-rcna23591 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624165737/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/deadly-protests-peru-people-take-streets-high-costs-inflation-rcna23591 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ecuador]],<ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2022 |title=Thousands march in Quito after night of Ecuador protest violence |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/ecuador-loses-control-amazon-city-anti-government-protests-2022-06-22/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |archive-date=2022-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624165737/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/ecuador-loses-control-amazon-city-anti-government-protests-2022-06-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2022 Panamanian protests|Panama]],<ref>{{cite news |date=25 July 2022 |title=Panama to regulate prices of 72 food items to ease rising living costs |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/panama-regulate-prices-72-food-items-ease-rising-living-costs-2022-07-25/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |archive-date=2023-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110150943/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/panama-regulate-prices-72-food-items-ease-rising-living-costs-2022-07-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Argentina]],<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2022 |title=Inflation and food prices fuel social tension in Argentina |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/inflation-and-food-prices-fuel-social-tension-in-argentina/a-61801214 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218155731/https://www.dw.com/en/inflation-and-food-prices-fuel-social-tension-in-argentina/a-61801214 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tunisia]], and [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite news |date=18 May 2022 |title=Factbox: Surging food prices fuel protests across developing world |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/surging-food-prices-fuel-protests-across-developing-world-2022-05-18/ |access-date=2022-05-29 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601131542/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/surging-food-prices-fuel-protests-across-developing-world-2022-05-18/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Africa and MENA ===
Price increases for certain staples, such as wheat, were expected to most severely affect countries like [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]], and [[Somalia]] in [[MENA]] and [[East Africa]], which rely heavily on wheat imports from Ukraine and Russia.<ref name=":0" /> This is expected to further hurt prices in regional food markets, such as [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], Somalia, and [[South Sudan]].<ref name=":0" />
The changes in the food market caused by the invasion of Ukraine further exacerbated existing drought problems in the already vulnerable [[Horn of Africa]].<ref name=":1" /> In February, the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP) and [[UNICEF]] had already projected nutrition and hunger gaps for thirteen million people in East Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Africa's Growing Food Crisis: What to Know |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/east-africas-growing-food-crisis-what-know |access-date=1 April 2022 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525023432/https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/east-africas-growing-food-crisis-what-know |url-status=live }}</ref> By March, the UN had expanded that number to 20 million people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Historic drought looms for 20 million living in Horn of Africa |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/historic-drought-looms-for-20-million-living-in-horn-of-africa |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=National Geographic |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525155713/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/historic-drought-looms-for-20-million-living-in-horn-of-africa |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==== Iran ====
{{excerpt|2022 Iranian food protests}}
==== Syria ====
{{Further|2023 Syrian protests}}
The United Nations reported that 90% of the country's population lives in [[poverty]], and that more than half is [[food insecure]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chehayeb |first1=Mroue |last2=Kareem |first2=Bassem |date=21 August 2023 |title=Protests rock government-held areas in southern Syria as economy crumbles |work=The Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-south-economy-inflation-protests-5643f026bae7ad429b0c6ece538d35c0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823103411/https://apnews.com/article/syria-south-economy-inflation-protests-5643f026bae7ad429b0c6ece538d35c0 |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=William Christou | title=Protests against living conditions spread across Syria | publisher=The New Arab | date=18 August 2023 | url=https://www.newarab.com/news/protests-against-living-conditions-spread-across-syria | access-date=24 September 2023 | archive-date=24 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824172714/https://www.newarab.com/news/protests-against-living-conditions-spread-across-syria | url-status=live }}</ref>
==== West Africa ====
{{Further|2022 Sierra Leone protests}}
[[Oxfam]], ALIMA and [[Save the Children]] warned that the food crises in [[West Africa]] could affect 27 million people, especially in [[Burkina Faso]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Mali]], and [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxfam, others: West Africa facing worst food crisis in a decade |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/5/west-africa-faces-worst-food-crisis-in-a-decade |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527060126/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/5/west-africa-faces-worst-food-crisis-in-a-decade |url-status=live }}</ref>
During a May 2022 visit to Nigeria, the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] said the war in Ukraine has made the food, energy, and economic crises worse in Africa as a whole.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Highlight 04 May 2022 |author=United Nations Secretary-General |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/highlight/2022-05-04.html |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505180605/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/highlight/2022-05-04.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 2 June 2022, Chad declared a national food emergency.<ref name=":14">{{cite news |date=6 June 2022 |title=Chad declares food emergency as grain supplies fall |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/chad-declares-food-emergency-as-grain-supplies-fall/a-62044682 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613110813/https://www.dw.com/en/chad-declares-food-emergency-as-grain-supplies-fall/a-62044682 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Kenya ====
Northern Kenya experienced the worst drought in 40 years that left 4.4 million people acutely food insecure, with 1.2 million facing emergency hunger levels.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kahinju |first=Jefferson |date=2022-10-04 |title=Northern Kenya faces hunger crisis as drought wipes out livestock |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/northern-kenya-faces-hunger-crisis-drought-wipes-out-livestock-2022-09-29/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209091052/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/northern-kenya-faces-hunger-crisis-drought-wipes-out-livestock-2022-09-29/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Cash transfers bring relief – and goats – to drought-hit pastoralists |date=20 January 2023 |publisher=World Food Programme |url=https://www.wfp.org/stories/kenya-cash-transfers-bring-relief-and-goats-drought-hit-pastoralists |access-date=2023-02-27 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120102245/https://www.wfp.org/stories/kenya-cash-transfers-bring-relief-and-goats-drought-hit-pastoralists |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.N. Development Program said rising food and energy prices caused by COVID-19 and the Russian war in Ukraine hit Sub-Saharan Africa hardest. Kenyan chapati makers are shrinking the size of their dough balls to make ends meet.<ref name=":12">{{cite AV media |title=Shrinking Chapati: Hustling in Kenya in a Global Food Crisis |work=52 Documentary |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFAmoCkwgj0 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-12 |archive-date=2023-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112201530/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFAmoCkwgj0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Yemen ====
{{Further|Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen}}
The main cause of the [[Famine in Yemen (2016–present)|famine in Yemen]] is the ongoing [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemeni Civil War]]. Aid often cannot effectively reach the population because of the [[blockade of Yemen|blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia]] which started in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 March 2022 |title=Yemen hunger crisis: $4.3bn needed, says UN |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/16/4-3-billion-needed-to-avert-yemen-hunger-crisis |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609022252/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/16/4-3-billion-needed-to-avert-yemen-hunger-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 March 2022 |title=As U.S. Focuses on Ukraine, Yemen Starves |work=The Intercept |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/03/16/yemen-war-biden-us-support-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601203014/https://theintercept.com/2022/03/16/yemen-war-biden-us-support-saudi-arabia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 17.4 million do not have enough food and malnutrition levels in Yemen are among the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2022 |title=Yemen facing 'outright catastrophe' over rising hunger, warn UN humanitarians |work=UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113852 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605062213/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113852 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Tunisia ====
By May 2022, wheat prices in Tunisia had risen to over $430 per tonne, more than double the cost from 2021 due to supply interruptions caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and [[Russia's invasion of Ukraine]]. Tunisia imports over 95% of the soft wheat used in its bread, increasing its purchases by $250 million in 2022.<ref name=":147">{{Cite web |title=Grain silos project will help Tunisia improve food security |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/tunisia-food-security |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517102734/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/tunisia-food-security |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: Pressing reform needed to help stabilize public finances |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/09/06/tunisia-pressing-reform-needed-to-help-stabilize-public-finances |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517105118/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/09/06/tunisia-pressing-reform-needed-to-help-stabilize-public-finances |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rennison |first=Joe |date=2022-08-01 |title=War, Climate Change, Energy Costs: How the Wheat Market Has Been Upended |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/business/wheat-ukraine-war-market.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517105102/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/business/wheat-ukraine-war-market.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Asia ===
==== Bangladesh ====
[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) forecasted Consumer Price Index (CPI) in [[Bangladesh]] to rise to 5.9% by the year 2022. The price of cooking oil, sugar, eggs and chickpeas increased sharply, which contributed a great deal to the inflation. According to the [[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]], general inflation climbed to 6.17% by February 2022. Government officials link local prices to the global market situation and necessary steps taken to stabilize price hikes due to these conditions. But some experts point to government failures as a cause of the price hikes, in addition to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Before the invasion of Ukraine, 95% of the cooking oil in Bangladesh was imported from overseas. The price of cooking oil per barrel was $700 then, it went up to $1,940 prior to the invasion. The price of [[liquified petroleum gas]] (LPG) also increased 12% by March.<ref name=":15">{{cite news |date=29 March 2022 |title=Bangladesh in economic turmoil over soaring commodity prices |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://amp.dw.com/en/bangladesh-in-economic-turmoil-over-soaring-commodity-prices/a-61290191 |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512144850/https://amp.dw.com/en/bangladesh-in-economic-turmoil-over-soaring-commodity-prices/a-61290191 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |date=22 March 2022 |title=Inflation: more to come |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/inflation-more-come-2987861 |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321214055/https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/inflation-more-come-2987861 |url-status=live }}</ref> Overall gouging of food prices resulted in [[2022–2023 Bangladesh protests|largescale protests]] in the country.
==== Afghanistan ====
Following the [[Taliban takeover]] of 2021, Western nations cut much of their humanitarian aid to Afghanistan. This led to a lack of access to food, water, shelter, and health care for much of the Afghani population.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2021 |title=China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan |work=News24 |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/world/news/china-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028 |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602222034/https://www.news24.com/news24/world/news/china-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2021 |title=Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/11/afghanistan-facing-famine |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512115310/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/11/afghanistan-facing-famine |url-status=live }}</ref> The Biden administration [[Afghan frozen assets|froze]] about $9 billion of the Afghan central bank's assets, which blocked the Taliban from having access to funds held in US bank accounts.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2021 |title=Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghanistan-taliban-blames-us-as-1-million-kids-face-starvation/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512115310/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghanistan-taliban-blames-us-as-1-million-kids-face-starvation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2021, the UN stated that more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title='Countdown to catastrophe': half of Afghans face hunger this winter – UN |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/25/countdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609005548/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/25/countdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un |url-status=live }}</ref>
The price increases connected to Russia's invasion of Ukraine may worsen the economic crises in Afghanistan that followed the [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)|US withdrawal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Lynne |title=Afghanistan's Hungry Will Pay the Price for Putin's War |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/afghanistan-food-insecurity-humanitarian-crisis-war/ |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Foreign Policy |date=April 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210249/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/afghanistan-food-insecurity-humanitarian-crisis-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the UN, $4.4bn is needed to pay for increased food costs,<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN: Afghans need $4.4bn to have enough to eat |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/31/un-afghans-need-4-4bn-to-have-enough-to-eat |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608222542/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/31/un-afghans-need-4-4bn-to-have-enough-to-eat |url-status=live }}</ref> with human rights experts calling on the US to unblock assets of the Afghan central bank to ease humanitarian crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: UN experts call on US Government to unblock foreign assets of central bank to ease humanitarian impact |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/04/afghanistan-un-experts-call-us-government-unblock-foreign-assets-central |access-date=2022-04-25 |archive-date=2022-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531062231/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/04/afghanistan-un-experts-call-us-government-unblock-foreign-assets-central |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== India ====
{{update section|reason=past events "expected to" have effects on future events which are now in the past|date=March 2023}}
{{Further|2022 Indian heat wave}}
Six out of every 10 Indians are dependent on state-delivered subsidised food. Though early reporting and government policy after the price increases following the war in Ukraine for wheat suggested India was well positioned to export more wheat, by end of April a heatwave that is projected to decrease harvests, increasing local prices, and fertilizer price increases projected a shortfall rather than an export-friendly market.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=Explained: How heatwave might thwart India's dream to feed the world |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/explained-how-heatwave-might-thwart-indias-dream-to-feed-the-world-10576961.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424150614/https://www.firstpost.com/business/explained-how-heatwave-might-thwart-indias-dream-to-feed-the-world-10576961.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The decrease in harvests was largely driven by the [[2022 Indian heat wave]] which is expected to severely reduce the wheat harvest, killing the plants during the final weeks where they are usually growing.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Vaughan |first=Adam |title=Severe Indian heatwave will bake a billion people and damage crops |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2317372-severe-indian-heatwave-will-bake-a-billion-people-and-damage-crops/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |magazine=New Scientist |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426095405/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2317372-severe-indian-heatwave-will-bake-a-billion-people-and-damage-crops/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 13 May 2022, India, the world's second largest [[International wheat production statistics|producer of wheat]],<ref>{{cite news |date=16 May 2022 |title=Explainer: What India's U-turn on wheat exports means for world |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/explainer-what-indias-u-turn-on-wheat-exports-means-for-world-markets/articleshow/91599826.cms |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605185705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/explainer-what-indias-u-turn-on-wheat-exports-means-for-world-markets/articleshow/91599826.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> prohibited wheat exports.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 2022 |title=Inside India's policy flip-flop on wheat exports |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/5/24/inside-indias-policy-flip-flop-on-wheat-exports |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609124805/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/5/24/inside-indias-policy-flip-flop-on-wheat-exports |url-status=live }}</ref> [[IMF]] chief [[Kristalina Georgieva]] urged India to reconsider its ban on wheat exports.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 May 2022 |title=India Defends Wheat Export Ban |work=VOA News |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/india-defends-wheat-export-ban-/6590477.html |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602071345/https://www.voanews.com/a/india-defends-wheat-export-ban-/6590477.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 20 July 2023, India's government announced that it would stop exporting the widely consumed non-basmati [[white rice]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Is a global food crisis the new normal? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/8/29/is-a-global-food-crisis-the-new-normal |work=Al Jazeera |date=29 August 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925102147/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/8/29/is-a-global-food-crisis-the-new-normal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How India's ban on some rice exports is ricocheting around the world |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/8/16/how-indias-ban-on-some-rice-exports-is-ricocheting-around-the-world |work=Al Jazeera |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921232345/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/8/16/how-indias-ban-on-some-rice-exports-is-ricocheting-around-the-world |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 August 2023, India imposed a 20 percent duty on exports of [[parboiled rice]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Global rice supplies tighten after India export ban |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/global-rice-supplies-tighten-after-indias-july-export-ban-2023-08-31/ |work=Reuters |date=1 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921022549/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/global-rice-supplies-tighten-after-indias-july-export-ban-2023-08-31/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Pakistan ====
[[Agriculture in Pakistan|Agricultural fields]] in Pakistan were devastated by the [[2022 Pakistan floods]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 August 2022 |title=A third of Pakistan "under water right now" due to floods: Key points |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-floods-key-points-third-of-country-under-water-right-now/articleshow/93858586.cms |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829170129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistan-floods-key-points-third-of-country-under-water-right-now/articleshow/93858586.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The immediate causes of the floods were heavier than usual [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon rains]] and [[melting glaciers]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=How melting glaciers contributed to floods in Pakistan |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/04/1120952641/how-melting-glaciers-caused-by-climate-change-led-to-to-floods-in-pakistan |date=4 September 2022 |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909114854/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/04/1120952641/how-melting-glaciers-caused-by-climate-change-led-to-to-floods-in-pakistan |url-status=live }}</ref> that followed a [[2022 heat wave in India and Pakistan|severe heat wave]], both of which are linked to [[Climate change in Pakistan|climate change]].
==== Indonesia ====
Extreme price increases for cooking oil sparked student protests and other civil unrest. The national government of Indonesia banned export of [[palm oil]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Nangoy |first=Fransiska |date=23 April 2022 |title=Indonesia bans palm oil exports as global food inflation spikes |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesia-ban-palm-oil-exports-shore-up-supply-soyoil-futures-surge-2022-04-22/ |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530052240/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesia-ban-palm-oil-exports-shore-up-supply-soyoil-futures-surge-2022-04-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil, and with a harvest decline in the second largest producer and neighbor [[Malaysia]], the ban has caused severe global supply chain disruptions and further exacerbated the price increases caused by the loss of Russian and Ukrainian oil exports and failures of soy crops in South America.<ref name=":5" /> Following protests by palm farmers, the ban was lifted in late May after being in effect for around three weeks.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 May 2022 |title=Indonesia ends export ban on palm oil |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/indonesia-ends-export-ban-on-palm-oil/a-61875147 |access-date=27 June 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627062520/https://www.dw.com/en/indonesia-ends-export-ban-on-palm-oil/a-61875147 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Sri Lanka ====
Sri Lanka was much more harshly affected by the food crisis as it was already facing mass man-made crop failures due to a total ban on chemical fertilizer by President Gotabaya Rajapaksa, resulting in rice production in Sri Lanka falling by 40–50%, while other crops also suffered large losses with some even reaching 70% loss even before it was affected by the Russian crisis. The [[2022 Sri Lankan protests]] escalated in part due to food shortages and post-COVID-19 pandemic inflation. By the time government reversed the ban on chemical fertilizer the Russian invasion of Ukraine had caused fertilizer prices to rise making it unaffordable for Sri Lanka which had defaulted on its loans after nearly running out of forex reserves.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 2022 |title=Sri Lankans running out of food, fuel and medicine |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sri-lankans-running-out-of-food-fuel-and-medicine/a-61773302 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609153950/https://www.dw.com/en/sri-lankans-running-out-of-food-fuel-and-medicine/a-61773302 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 9 May, Sri Lankan Prime Minister [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] resigned from his position after protests on the country's [[2019–present Sri Lankan economic crisis|economic crisis]] turned violent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=Sri Lanka PM Mahinda Rajapaksa resigns as crisis worsens |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/9/sri-lanka-pm-mahinda-rajapaksa-offers-to-resign-as-crisis-worsens |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609192631/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/9/sri-lanka-pm-mahinda-rajapaksa-offers-to-resign-as-crisis-worsens |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Zaheena Rasheed |author2=Rathindra Kuruwita |title=Sri Lanka faces 'man-made' food crisis as farmers stop planting |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/18/a-food-crisis-looms-in-sri-lanka-as-farmers-give-up-on-planting |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609192549/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/18/a-food-crisis-looms-in-sri-lanka-as-farmers-give-up-on-planting |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 June 2022 |title=Sri Lanka appeals for food aid as debt crisis worsens |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c89a972c-df31-449c-a824-ba3ccd54a4da |access-date=8 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609142507/https://www.ft.com/content/c89a972c-df31-449c-a824-ba3ccd54a4da |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Europe ===
{{Further|2022 Europe inflation protests}}
[[File:Olieschap_in_de_supermarkt_leeg.jpg|thumb|Immediately following the invasion of Russia, some foods saw shortages throughout Europe, such as this empty shelf for vegetable oil in the Netherlands.]]
Europe's [[2021–2022 global energy crisis|energy crisis]] and the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] caused significant price increases for European [[fertilizer]] and [[Food industry|food]] industries.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 October 2021 |title=Energy crisis today – fertiliser and food crisis tomorrow? |work=Euractiv |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/opinion/energy-crisis-today-fertiliser-and-food-crisis-tomorrow/ |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121182058/https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/opinion/energy-crisis-today-fertiliser-and-food-crisis-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2021 |title='I'm afraid we're going to have a food crisis': The energy crunch has made fertilizer too expensive to produce, says Yara CEO |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |url=https://fortune.com/2021/11/04/energy-crisis-food-shortage-security-fertilizer-prices-yara-ceo-madagascar-cop26/ |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111090951/https://fortune.com/2021/11/04/energy-crisis-food-shortage-security-fertilizer-prices-yara-ceo-madagascar-cop26/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Julia Meehan, the head of fertilizers for the commodity price firm ICIS, "We are seeing record prices for every fertilizer type, which are all way above the previous highs in 2008. It's very, very serious. People don't realize that 50% of the world's food relies on fertilizers."<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2021 |title=Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/20/global-energy-crisis-famine-production |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109213124/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/20/global-energy-crisis-famine-production |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2022, Europe's [[2022 European drought|driest summer in 500 years]] had a negative impact on European agricultural production.<ref>{{cite news |title=What Europe's Drought Means for the Price of Meat and Milk |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-12/what-europe-s-drought-means-for-the-price-of-meat-and-milk |work=Bloomberg |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=2023-01-16 |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221450/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-12/what-europe-s-drought-means-for-the-price-of-meat-and-milk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Europe's driest summer in 500 years threatens crops, energy production |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/EUROPE-WEATHER/DROUGHT/jnvwenznyvw/ |work=Reuters |date=22 August 2022 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221451/https://www.reuters.com/graphics/EUROPE-WEATHER/DROUGHT/jnvwenznyvw/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='There's no sign of any rain coming to us': Europe's extreme weather risks smaller harvests and higher prices |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/31/europes-extreme-weather-risks-smaller-harvests-and-higher-food-prices.html |work=CNBC |date=31 August 2022 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221452/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/31/europes-extreme-weather-risks-smaller-harvests-and-higher-food-prices.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
====United Kingdom====
Starting on 21 February 2023, [[supermarket]]s in the [[United Kingdom]], such as [[Asda]], [[Morrisons]] and [[Tesco]], began [[rationing]] fruit and vegetables.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/feb/23/uk--fresh-food-shortages-rationing-spanish-farmers-blame-brexit-import-rules |work=The Guardian |title=Spanish growers say weather, rising costs and Brexit caused UK salad shortages |first=Sam |last=Jones |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228180836/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/feb/23/uk--fresh-food-shortages-rationing-spanish-farmers-blame-brexit-import-rules |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Telegraph'' gave the cause as "poor foreign harvests and a [[agriculture in the United Kingdom|domestic farming]] crisis".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Darlington |first1=Molly |title=Supermarkets begin rationing fruit and vegetables |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/21/ftse-100-markets-public-sector-finances-data-ons-live-news-uk/ |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=The Telegraph |agency=Reuters |date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228072051/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/02/21/ftse-100-markets-public-sector-finances-data-ons-live-news-uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[shortages]] were expected to last several weeks, and in a YouGov poll, 61% of UK respondents said they had personally noticed or experienced food shortages in their local shop or supermarket during mid-to-late February.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.K. grocery stores ration fruit, vegetables as shelves go empty |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/uk-grocery-stores-ration-fruit-vegetables-as-shelves-go-empty/111723 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=Fortune India |date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228174620/https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/uk-grocery-stores-ration-fruit-vegetables-as-shelves-go-empty/111723 |url-status=live }}</ref> Research from Kantar showed grocery price inflation hit its highest level since records began in 2008, with food inflation reaching 17.1% in February.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winchester |first1=Levi |title=Supermarket shoppers face paying £811 more in stores as grocery inflation hits 17.1% |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/supermarket-shoppers-face-paying-811-29331130 |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=The Mirror |date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228102313/https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/supermarket-shoppers-face-paying-811-29331130 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== North America ===
North America was already experiencing significant shortfalls and supply chain issues connected to the [[2020–2023 North American drought]] and the [[2021–2023 global supply chain crisis]].<ref name=":0" /> The supply chain crisis was also one factor in [[2022 United States infant formula shortage|infant formula shortages in the US]].
==== Haiti ====
{{Main|2022 Haitian crisis}}
Along with protests and civil unrest against the [[government of Haiti]] in response to rising energy prices and the rising cost of living, as well as armed [[gang violence]] and an outbreak of [[cholera]], Haiti is experiencing widespread [[acute hunger]]. On 14 October 2022, the WFP reported that a record 4.7 million people (almost half of the country's population) are currently facing acute hunger in Haiti;<ref name="WFP Haiti 2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/catastrophic-hunger-levels-recorded-first-time-haiti|title=Catastrophic hunger levels recorded for the first time in Haiti|date=14 October 2022|publisher=[[World Food Programme]]|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024120458/https://www.wfp.org/news/catastrophic-hunger-levels-recorded-first-time-haiti|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gibbs 2022">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/everyday-hopeless-haitians-eye-foreign-warily-gangs-cholera/story?id=91656041|title='Every day you're hopeless': Haitians eye foreign help warily as gangs, cholera outbreak take toll|last=Gibbs|first=Anselm|date=19 October 2022|website=ABC News|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221500/https://abcnews.go.com/International/everyday-hopeless-haitians-eye-foreign-warily-gangs-cholera/story?id=91656041|url-status=live}}</ref> using the [[Integrated Food Security Phase Classification]] (IPC) scale, the WFP classified 19,000 of those people as belonging to the fifth and highest level on the scale, the "Catastrophe" phase (IPC 5).<ref name="WFP Haiti 2022" /><ref name="Gibbs 2022" />
=== South America ===
{{Further|2022 Ecuadorian protests|2022 Panamanian protests}}
==== Chile ====
The 2022 food crises have added to the mounting [[inflation in Chile]] has experienced since 2020. Measured by the change in the [[Índice de Precios al Consumidor]], the (IPC) in March 2022 relative to March 2021 indicated an inflation rate of 1.9%, the highest known since October 1993.<ref name="IPCabril2022">{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Rodrigo |date=8 April 2022 |title=El IPC registra en marzo la mayor alza en casi 30 años empujado por avance en precios de alimentos |trans-title=IPC reports highest inflation in almost 30 years in March, driven by increases in food prices |url=https://www.df.cl/economia-y-politica/macro/el-ipc-registra-en-marzo-la-mayor-alza-en-casi-30-anos-empujado-por |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=[[Diario Financiero]] |language=es |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503055848/https://www.df.cl/economia-y-politica/macro/el-ipc-registra-en-marzo-la-mayor-alza-en-casi-30-anos-empujado-por |url-status=live }}</ref> Bread and meat prices increased as well as those of food in general.<ref name="IPCabril2022" /> [[Cooking oil]] prices have risen, with a particular brand at a Santiago supermarket experiencing a 90% price increase from April 2021 to April 2022.<ref name="ciperinfla22-4-14">{{Cite news |last1=Espinoza |first1=Martín |last2=Sepúlveda |first2=Nicolás |date=14 April 2022 |title=La violenta alza de los alimentos en los supermercados: algunos productos subieron hasta 90% en un año |trans-title=The violent rise in price of food in supermarkets: some products rose up to 90% in one year |language=es |work=[[Ciper]] |url=https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/04/14/la-violenta-alza-de-los-alimentos-en-los-supermercados-algunos-productos-subieron-hasta-90-en-un-ano/ |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605033803/https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/04/14/la-violenta-alza-de-los-alimentos-en-los-supermercados-algunos-productos-subieron-hasta-90-en-un-ano/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The inflation in food prices is thought to be behind an increasing number of supermarket [[credit card]]s issued in 2022 as well as increasing rates of supermarket credit card [[debt default]].<ref name="ciperinfla22-4-14" /> In April 2022, President [[Gabriel Boric]] announced a $3.7 billion economic recovery plan that included an increase in the minimum wage to help people deal with rising prices.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Reuters |date=7 April 2022 |title=Chile announces $3.7 billion recovery plan to aid struggling economy |website=reuters.com |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/chile-announces-37-billion-recovery-plan-aid-struggling-economy-2022-04-07/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604083938/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/chile-announces-37-billion-recovery-plan-aid-struggling-economy-2022-04-07/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Supermarkets belonging to [[Cencosud]] begun rationing cooking oil, rice and flour in late April.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gajardo |first=Fernanda |date=30 April 2022 |title=¡Aceite, harina y arroz! Restringen venta de productos esenciales en supermercados de la capital |trans-title=Oil, flour and rice! Sale of essential products restricted in supermarkets in the capital |language=es |work=La Hora |url=https://lahora.cl/cronica/Aceite-harina-y-arroz-Restrigen-venta-de-productos-esenciales-en-supermercados-de-la-capital-20220430-0014.html |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430180022/https://lahora.cl/cronica/Aceite-harina-y-arroz-Restrigen-venta-de-productos-esenciales-en-supermercados-de-la-capital-20220430-0014.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Argentina ====
In May 2021, Argentina banned all meat exports to curb inflation.<ref>{{cite news |title=We're living in an age of food protectionism: 5 countries that are banning or restricting major exports to safeguard food supplies as inflation soars |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/food-protectionism-countries-restrict-exports-security-inflation-wheat-palm-beef-2022-5 |work=Business Insider |date=12 May 2022 |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714171810/https://www.businessinsider.com/food-protectionism-countries-restrict-exports-security-inflation-wheat-palm-beef-2022-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Causes ==
{{Further|Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic|2021–2023 global supply chain crisis|2021–2023 inflation surge|2021–2023 global energy crisis}}[[File:Fertilizer prices.webp|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Fertilizer prices 1992–2022. The [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|2007–2008 world food crisis]] happened when fertilizer prices spiked.
{{legend-line|#00A2FF solid 3px|[[Diammonium phosphate|DAP]]}}
{{legend-line|#61D836 solid 3px|[[Potassium chloride]]}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|[[Phosphorite]]}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|[[Triple superphosphate]]}}
{{legend-line|#FF2600 solid 3px|[[Urea]]}}
]]The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted food supply chains around the world, disrupting distribution channels at the consumption and distribution stages of the [[food industry]]. A rise in fuel and transport prices further increased the complexity of distribution as food competed with other goods. At the same time, significant [[2021 floods|floods]] and [[Heat waves of 2021|heatwaves]] in 2021 destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe.<ref name=":19" />
=== Energy crisis ===
[[File:Natural gas prices Europe and US.webp|thumb|400px|right|Natural gas prices in Europe and United States
{{legend-line|#ED230D solid 3px|[[National Balancing Point (UK)|National Balancing Point]] NBP (UK) natural gas prices }}
{{legend-line|#9A1860 solid 3px|Europe [[Title Transfer Facility|TTF]] natural gas prices}}
{{legend-line|#0376BB solid 3px|United States [[Henry Hub]] natural gas prices}}
]]
{{Further|2007–2008 world food price crisis|Peak oil|Food vs. fuel}}
[[Natural gas]] is a major feedstock for the production of [[ammonia]], via the [[Haber process]], for use in [[fertilizer]] production.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulvaney |first1=Dustin |title=Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-9677-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_eji4ZzEiQC&pg=PA301 |page=301 |access-date=2022-05-15 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115174927/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_eji4ZzEiQC&pg=PA301 |url-status=live }}</ref> The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global [[population growth]] — it has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Erisman |first1=Jan Willem |last2=Sutton |first2=Mark A. |last3=Galloway |first3=James |last4=Klimont |first4=Zbigniew |last5=Winiwarter |first5=Wilfried |title=How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] | pages=636–639|date=October 2008|volume=1|doi=10.1038/ngeo325|url=http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf|access-date=22 October 2010|issue=10|bibcode=2008NatGe...1..636E|s2cid=94880859 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223052/http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf|archive-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>
Since 2021, the [[2021–2023 global energy crisis]] has spread to the fertilizer and [[Food industry|food]] industries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Energy crisis today – fertiliser and food crisis tomorrow? |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/opinion/energy-crisis-today-fertiliser-and-food-crisis-tomorrow/ |work=Euractiv |date=19 October 2021 |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121182058/https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/opinion/energy-crisis-today-fertiliser-and-food-crisis-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='I'm afraid we're going to have a food crisis': The energy crunch has made fertilizer too expensive to produce, says Yara CEO |url=https://fortune.com/2021/11/04/energy-crisis-food-shortage-security-fertilizer-prices-yara-ceo-madagascar-cop26/ |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=4 November 2021 |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111090951/https://fortune.com/2021/11/04/energy-crisis-food-shortage-security-fertilizer-prices-yara-ceo-madagascar-cop26/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/05/06/fertilizer-prices-food-securtiy |work=Axios |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525175453/https://www.axios.com/2022/05/06/fertilizer-prices-food-securtiy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-coal-shortage-threatens-farmers-in-india-and-truckers-in-south-korea-11636635601|title=China's Coal Shortage Threatens Farmers in India and Truckers in South Korea|first=Jiyoung Sohn in Seoul and Vibhuti Agarwal in New|last=Delhi|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=11 November 2021|via=www.wsj.com|access-date=21 July 2022|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221457/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-coal-shortage-threatens-farmers-in-india-and-truckers-in-south-korea-11636635601|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Julia Meehan, the head of fertilizers for the commodity price agency ICIS, "We are seeing record prices for every fertiliser type, which are all way above the previous highs in 2008. It's very, very serious. People don't realise that 50% of the world's food relies on fertilisers."<ref>{{cite news |title=Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/20/global-energy-crisis-famine-production |work=The Guardian |date=20 October 2021 |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109213124/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/20/global-energy-crisis-famine-production |url-status=live }}</ref> The impact of agricultural input costs, including fertilizer and fuels, on food prices has been shown to be larger than the effect of the curtailment of food exports from Russia and Ukraine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=Peter |last2=Arneth |first2=Almut |last3=Henry |first3=Roslyn |last4=Maire |first4=Juliette |last5=Rabin |first5=Sam |last6=Rounsevell |first6=Mark D. A. |title=High energy and fertilizer prices are more damaging than food export curtailment from Ukraine and Russia for food prices, health and the environment |journal=Nature Food |date=23 December 2022 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=84–95 |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1851998/v1 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00659-9 |pmid=37118577 |s2cid=255077379 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221500/https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1851998/v1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Russian invasion of Ukraine ===
{{
[[File:Putin-Sall meeting (2022-06-03) 03.jpg|thumb|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] met with the President of the [[African Union]], [[Macky Sall]], to discuss grain deliveries from Russia and Ukraine to Africa, 3 June 2022]]
[[File:Kuleba-Qu meeting (2023).jpg|thumb|[[Foreign Minister of Ukraine]] [[Dmytro Kuleba]] met with the Director-General of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) [[Qu Dongyu]], to discuss technical support to facilitate Ukraine's food exports, 26 April 2023]]
[[File:Member of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine carrying an unexploded Russian bomb in an agricultural field in southeastern Ukraine.jpg|thumb|Member of the [[State Emergency Service of Ukraine]] carrying an unexploded Russian bomb in an agricultural field in southeastern [[Ukraine]], 1 July 2022. The [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] disrupted all parts of the [[Grain (agriculture)|grain agriculture]] and [[grain trade]] from Ukraine, further stressing a global supply chain that had already been seeing major price increases.]]
From February 2 to April 1, Russia banned the export of ammonium nitrate ([[Ammonium nitrate|AN]]) to guarantee supplies for domestic farmers following the spike in global [[Fertilizer|fertilizer prices]], which were impacted by rising costs for natural gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Aled |last2=Bland |first2=William |last3=Bobylov |first3=Alexandre |date=2 February 2022 |title=Russia bans ammonium nitrate exports until April to support domestic farmers |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/020222-russia-bans-ammonium-nitrate-exports-until-april-to-support-domestic-farmers |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=www.spglobal.com |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610004255/https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/020222-russia-bans-ammonium-nitrate-exports-until-april-to-support-domestic-farmers |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Jagtap |first1=Sandeep |last2=Trollman |first2=Hana |last3=Trollman |first3=Frank |last4=Garcia-Garcia |first4=Guillermo |last5=Parra-López |first5=Carlos |last6=Duong |first6=Linh |last7=Martindale |first7=Wayne |last8=Munekata |first8=Paulo E. S. |last9=Lorenzo |first9=Jose M. |last10=Hdaifeh |first10=Ammar |last11=Hassoun |first11=Abdo |last12=Salonitis |first12=Konstantinos |last13=Afy-Shararah |first13=Mohamed |date=January 2022 |title=The Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Its Implications for the Global Food Supply Chains |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=11 |issue=14 |pages=2098 |doi=10.3390/foods11142098 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=9318935 |pmid=35885340|doi-access=free }}</ref> The conflict has affected virtually all economies, however, the most affected economies are in Europe and Africa. Most of these economies have explored to find alternative food supply chain partners and solutions in North America, South America, the Middle East, Australasia, and some regions of Asia and Africa that have been less affected by this conflict.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
{{Excerpt|Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Cost of food and crops|paragraphs=1–3}}
===
{{Main|Effects of climate change on agriculture}}
Multiple heat, flooding, and drought events between 2020 and 2022 significantly hurt global food supplies and reserves. These weather events, which have been connected with [[climate change]], made the food system less resilient to shocks like the war in Ukraine. Global reserves of wheat were extremely low at the beginning of 2022 because of these weather events.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Meredith |title='We see the storm coming': U.S. struggles to contain a deepening global food crisis |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/deepening-global-food-crisis-ukraine-russia-00023124 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=POLITICO |date=5 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609183911/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/deepening-global-food-crisis-ukraine-russia-00023124 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the year 2022, many similar events connected to climate change continue to severely reduce agriculture production in the world.<ref name="Mathews">{{cite news |last1=Mathews |first1=Bailee |title=Climate Change and the Global Food Supply |url=https://www.americansecurityproject.org/climate-change-and-the-global-food-supply/ |website=American security project |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221502/https://www.americansecurityproject.org/climate-change-and-the-global-food-supply/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Excerpt|Effects of climate change on agriculture|paragraphs=1–3}}Researchers have proposed [[Genome editing|gene editing]] as a solution,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsblare.com/business/foods-and-agricultural/how-gene-editing-is-changing-the-crossbreeding-in-agriculture|title=Revolutionizing Agriculture: How Gene Editing is Changing the Crossbreeding Game|date=9 May 2023|access-date=16 May 2023|archive-date=16 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516182114/https://newsblare.com/business/foods-and-agricultural/how-gene-editing-is-changing-the-crossbreeding-in-agriculture/|url-status=live}}</ref> a technology with the potential to alleviate global food shortages by enhancing crop yields and increasing the resilience of crops to unpredictable climate fluctuations.
==== Drought in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) ====
{{Further|Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa}}
Climate change in [[Iraq]] is leading to increasing [[water scarcity]] which will likely have serious implications for the country for years to come.<ref>{{cite news |title='All the trees have died': Iraqis face intensifying water crisis |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/all-the-trees-have-died-iraqis-face-persistent-water-crisis |work=Al Jazeera |date=5 November 2021 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609162306/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/all-the-trees-have-died-iraqis-face-persistent-water-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Iraq's [[water security]] is based on the declining [[Tigris–Euphrates river system]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Severe water shortages strain wheat harvest in Iraq |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-technology-agriculture-iraq-57c49a6c08e293f6c08e07bb26e6a489 |work=Associated Press |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609222401/https://apnews.com/article/politics-technology-agriculture-iraq-57c49a6c08e293f6c08e07bb26e6a489 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== East African drought ====
{{Further|2021 Somali drought|Famine in
[[File:October 2022 - January 2023 Map of Drought.png|thumb|[[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|Famine Early Warning System's]] map of the region between October 2022 and January 2023]]
A drought in East Africa began in 2021 and further intensified in 2022, precipitated in part by the oncoming [[La Niña]] in 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MULVANEY |first=KIERAN |date=14 March 2022 |title=Historic drought looms for 20 million living in Horn of Africa |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/historic-drought-looms-for-20-million-living-in-horn-of-africa |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=National Geographic: Environment |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525155713/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/historic-drought-looms-for-20-million-living-in-horn-of-africa |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2022 |title=Severe drought threatens 13 million with hunger in Horn of Africa |language=en |work=UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111472 |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404122053/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111472 |url-status=live }}</ref> Three rainy seasons failed in the Horn of Africa, destroying crops and killing large herds of livestock.<ref name=":1" /> In Somalia, five rainy seasons have failed, Kenya and Sudan were also strongly affected.<ref name="Mathews" /> The [[UN]] identified 20 million people at risk of famine.<ref name=":1" /> Both wildlife and livestock have been killed by the drought.<ref name=":1" /> The region is especially vulnerable because an extreme wet season caused the [[2019–2022 locust infestation]], which destroyed large regions of crops.<ref name=":1" />
By early October 2021, nearly a year after the [[Tigray War]] started, [[Mark Lowcock]], who led [[
82 million East Africans and 42 million West Africans faced acute food insecurity in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hunger-struck Africa needs liquidity, debt relief |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/hunger-struck-africa-needs-liquidity-debt-relief-2022-11-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 November 2022 |access-date=2023-01-16 |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221500/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/hunger-struck-africa-needs-liquidity-debt-relief-2022-11-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
By the end of 2022, more than 8 million Somalis were in need of food assistance – roughly half of [[Somalia]]'s population.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia faces worst famine in half a century, UN warns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/18/somalia-faces-worst-famine-in-half-a-century-un-warns |work=Al Jazeera |date=18 October 2022 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221504/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/18/somalia-faces-worst-famine-in-half-a-century-un-warns |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia on the brink of famine, caught between drought and Shabaab militia |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20221206-somalia-on-the-brink-of-famine-caught-between-drought-and-shabaab-militia |work=[[Radio France Internationale]] |date=6 December 2022 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221500/https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20221206-somalia-on-the-brink-of-famine-caught-between-drought-and-shabaab-militia |url-status=live }}</ref> The rainy season of 2022 was recorded to be the driest in over 40 years,<ref>{{cite web |last=Cassidy, Emily |title=Worst Drought on Record Parches Horn of Africa |date=13 December 2022 |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150712/worst-drought-on-record-parches-horn-of-africa |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812104954/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150712/worst-drought-on-record-parches-horn-of-africa |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Drought in Horn of Africa worse than in 2011 famine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/22/drought-in-horn-of-africa-worse-than-in-2011-famine-experts |work=Al Jazeera |date=22 February 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723114329/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/22/drought-in-horn-of-africa-worse-than-in-2011-famine-experts |url-status=live }}</ref> with an estimated 43,000 in Somalia dying in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Report: 43,000 estimated dead in Somalia drought last year |url=https://apnews.com/article/somalia-drought-deaths-hunger-9e78f99c101a290304a28a37dadfef0b |website=AP NEWS |language=en |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508021610/http://apnews.com/article/somalia-drought-deaths-hunger-9e78f99c101a290304a28a37dadfef0b |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Madagascar drought ====
{{Further|2021–2022 Madagascar famine}}
In mid-2021, a severe drought in southern [[Madagascar]] caused hundreds of thousands of people to suffer from food insecurity.<ref>{{cite news |title=UN says 400,000 are approaching starvation in Madagascar amid back-to-back droughts |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210626-un-says-400-000-are-approaching-starvation-in-madagascar-amid-back-to-back-droughts |work=[[France24]] |date=26 June 2021 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702214212/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210626-un-says-400-000-are-approaching-starvation-in-madagascar-amid-back-to-back-droughts |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hope and hunger: Life at a crossroads in Madagascar's arid south |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2022/4/26/new-harvest-brings-hope-spectre-of-more-despair-in-madagascar |work=Al Jazeera |date=26 April 2022 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231172738/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2022/4/26/new-harvest-brings-hope-spectre-of-more-despair-in-madagascar |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2022, UNICEF contributed with $23 million for children suffering from the famine,<ref name=":25">{{cite news |last1=Floch |first1=Fabrice |title=Madagascar : 23 millions de dollars pour lutter contre la famine des enfants |trans-title=Madagascar: $23 million to fight child starvation |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-23-millions-de-dollars-pour-lutter-contre-la-famine-des-enfants-1327384.html |work=réunion.1 |date=3 October 2022 |language=fr |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210120123/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-23-millions-de-dollars-pour-lutter-contre-la-famine-des-enfants-1327384.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with a third of the population suffering from the disaster, according to researchers cited by the ''Financial Times''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilling |first1=David |last2=Bibby |first2=Charlie |title=Why famine in Madagascar is an alarm bell for the planet |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8fa3596e-9c6a-4e49-871a-86c20e0d170c |work=Financial Times |date=2 August 2022 |url-access=registration |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025000734/https://www.ft.com/content/8fa3596e-9c6a-4e49-871a-86c20e0d170c |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== North American heatwave and drought ====
{{Further|2021 Western North America heat wave|2023 Canadian drought|2020–2023 North American drought}}
Drought significantly reduced harvests in North America including the United States which produces a quarter of the world grains. The years from 2020 to 2021 were the driest in centuries in North America. The production of crops in the [[Midwest]] declined by 20% in this period.<ref name="Mathews" />
==== European extreme weather ====
{{Further|2022 European drought}}
Droughts in [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] during early 2022 led to 60–80% loss predictions for crops in some areas.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2022 |title=Extreme winter drought devastates crops in Spain and Portugal |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/13/climate-change-induced-extreme-winter-drought-devastates-crops-in-spain-and-portugal |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310143836/https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/13/climate-change-induced-extreme-winter-drought-devastates-crops-in-spain-and-portugal |url-status=live }}</ref> The huge amount of precipitation in March and early April 2022 in mainland Spain provided relief but did not fully revert the ongoing meteorological drought.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/espana/2022-04-08/el-marzo-menos-soleado-en-39-anos.html|website=[[El País]]|date=8 April 2022|first=Victoria|last=Torres Benayas|title=El marzo menos soleado en 40 años|access-date=2022-04-27|archive-date=2022-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429190638/https://elpais.com/espana/2022-04-08/el-marzo-menos-soleado-en-39-anos.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Fruit crops in most of Europe were damaged by a cold wave that caused freezing rain, frost, and snow during early budding, after a period of unseasonably early warm weather.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2022 |title=Late frost ices over French vineyards, threatens fruit crops |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-france-europe-environment-48f01edff0e6cbc33e4a1b51d36790dc |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=AP NEWS |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404220310/https://apnews.com/article/business-france-europe-environment-48f01edff0e6cbc33e4a1b51d36790dc |url-status=live }}</ref>
Additional drought in [[Italy]], has reduced the flow of fresh water near the [[Po (river)|Po]] river, which is responsible for 40% of crop production in the country. [[Salt water intrusion]] is expected to greatly reduce the viability of crop production in areas near the delta.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=5 July 2022 |title=Italy declares state of emergency in drought-hit northern regions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/05/italy-declares-state-emergency-drought-hit-northern-regions |access-date=3 August 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716153444/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/05/italy-declares-state-emergency-drought-hit-northern-regions |url-status=live }}</ref>
In February 2023, the [[UK Government]] called the major supermarket bosses to discuss on filling the salads restock. As country is entering the pick shortage in third week. Some biggest Britain's grocery shops, [[Tesco]] (TSCO.L), [[Asda]], [[Morrisons]] and [[Aldi]], restricted the supply of cucumber, tomatoes and peppers to customers, due to unreasonable weather conditions, which brought shortage in supplies from southern Europe and North Africa. The crisis worsened due to less winter production in greenhouse of Britain and the [[Netherlands]] effected due to high energy cost. Both factors affected the shortage of food in Britain Supermarket.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/uk-government-calls-supermarket-bosses-salad-crisis-talks-2023-02-27/?rpc=401&|title=UK salad crisis: Govt tells grocers look again at farmer relationships|accessdate=27 February 2023|website=Reuters|date=27 February 2023|last1=Davey|first1=James|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315125314/https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/uk-government-calls-supermarket-bosses-salad-crisis-talks-2023-02-27/?rpc=401&|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/aldi-uk-imposes-purchase-limits-three-salad-vegetables-2023-02-22/|title=Britain's Tesco joins rivals in rationing salad vegetables|accessdate=22 February 2023|website=Reuters|date=22 February 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222170823/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/aldi-uk-imposes-purchase-limits-three-salad-vegetables-2023-02-22/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/food-security-expert-claims-government-in-denial-over-shortages/|title=Food security expert claims government 'in denial' over shortages|accessdate=27 February 2023|website=LBC|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315125314/https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/food-security-expert-claims-government-in-denial-over-shortages/|url-status=live}}</ref>
====
{{Excerpt|2022 heat wave in India and Pakistan|Impact on agriculture}}
====
{{Further|2022 Southern Cone heat wave}}
A heatwave that deeply affected [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], [[Paraguay]], and Southern Brazil caused yield declines for corn, [[soy]], and other key grains, resulting in significant global commodity price increases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=GRAINS-Soybeans steady as South America rain chances assessed |url=https://www.agriculture.com/markets/newswire/grains-soybeans-steady-as-south-america-rain-chances-assessed |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=Successful Farming |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611025637/https://www.agriculture.com/markets/newswire/grains-soybeans-steady-as-south-america-rain-chances-assessed |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2022 |title=La Niña puts record harvests at risk |url=https://california18.com/strike-of-carriers-the-police-arrested-39-subjects-during-disturbances-on-the-central-highway/4062232022/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610004258/https://california18.com/strike-of-carriers-the-police-arrested-39-subjects-during-disturbances-on-the-central-highway/4062232022/ |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=California18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Heath |first=Maximilian |date=6 January 2022 |title=Heatwave to hit Argentina, further stressing corn, soybean crops |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/heatwave-hit-argentina-further-stressing-corn-soybean-crops-2022-01-06/ |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405154110/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/heatwave-hit-argentina-further-stressing-corn-soybean-crops-2022-01-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=GRANT |first=DANIEL |title=Argentine crops in 'grave danger;' Brazilian estimates fall |work=FarmWeek Now |url=https://www.farmweeknow.com/crop_conditions/argentine-crops-in-grave-danger-brazilian-estimates-fall/article_07e48b3e-73de-11ec-9ccf-1353f727de96.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2022-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113133136/https://www.farmweeknow.com/crop_conditions/argentine-crops-in-grave-danger-brazilian-estimates-fall/article_07e48b3e-73de-11ec-9ccf-1353f727de96.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The heatwave further exacerbated an already dry season in much of the region.<ref name=":2" /> Drought made 28% of the agricultural territory of Brazil "no longer climatically optimal"<ref name="Mathews" />
====
{{Further|2022 eastern Australia floods}}
A severe flood in [[New South Wales]] during February 2022 caused the complete destruction of soy and [[rice]] crops and 36% of [[macadamia nut]] production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title='All of our crops are completely submerged': Total crop losses expected in northern NSW flood zone |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-03/northern-nsw-crop-flood-damage/100875454 |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405131528/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-03/northern-nsw-crop-flood-damage/100875454 |url-status=live }}</ref> Animal herds and farming infrastructure were also severely damaged by the flooding, which was the third major natural disaster to agriculture communities in the region.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=Floods and livestock losses leave NSW and Queensland farmers reeling from third disaster in three years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/02/floods-and-livestock-losses-leave-nsw-and-queensland-farmers-reeling-from-third-disaster-in-three-years |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405004546/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/02/floods-and-livestock-losses-leave-nsw-and-queensland-farmers-reeling-from-third-disaster-in-three-years |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Supply chain failures ===
{{Further|2021–2023 global supply chain crisis}}
In a May 2022 editorial for the Guardian, environmental [[George Monbiot]] described part of the collapse of food supply, a problem of concentration of supply in a handful of supply chains through the "Global Standard Diet" making the food system vulnerable to critical failures.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=The banks collapsed in 2008 – and our food system is about to do the same {{!}} George Monbiot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/19/banks-collapsed-in-2008-food-system-same-producers-regulators |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519060112/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/19/banks-collapsed-in-2008-food-system-same-producers-regulators |url-status=live }}</ref> He compared the food system failures to the 2008 banking crises, in terms of similar structural problems of concentration of economic power.<ref name=":6" />
In [[China]], rolling [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]] as part of a [[zero-COVID policy]] significantly reduced key agricultural inputs for important grain crops.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news |last=Yu |first=Sun |date=6 April 2022 |title=China's zero-Covid policy risks causing agricultural crisis and food shortages |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/17aaf112-be52-4695-9f2d-849a50ea3c2d |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603223522/https://www.ft.com/content/17aaf112-be52-4695-9f2d-849a50ea3c2d |url-status=live }}</ref> Before that, China already maintained its food stockpiles at a "historically high level" in 2021, because of an [[China–United States trade war|ongoing trade war with the United States]]. The deal and negotiation with U.S. and Australia could also be prodding China to buy food reserves.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China hoards over half the world's grain, pushing up global prices|work=Nikkei Asia|author=SHIN WATANABE, AIKO MUNAKATA|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/China-hoards-over-half-the-world-s-grain-pushing-up-global-prices|access-date=7 April 2022|archive-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609213356/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/China-hoards-over-half-the-world-s-grain-pushing-up-global-prices|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Ethanol for fuel===
[[File:Corn vs Ethanol production.webp|thumb|300px|Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States
{{legend|#FFD932|Total corn production ([[bushel]]s) (left)}}
{{legend|B51700|Corn used for [[Ethanol fuel]] (bushels) (left)}}
{{legend-line|#313131 solid 3px|Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)}}
]]
{{main|Food vs. fuel}}{{see also|2007–2008 world food price crisis}}
[[Ethanol fuel]] makes up about 10% of motor vehicle gasoline produced and consumed in 2021, and around 40% of corn grown is used for ethanol fuel in the United States each year. Because it is 33% less efficient than [[petroleum]] [[gasoline]] miles driven from ethanol is less than 10%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=27&t=10 | title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) | access-date=2023-01-16 | archive-date=2022-12-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220113611/https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=27&t=10 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10339#:~:text=The%20overall%20trend%20has%20been,was%20transitioned%20to%2010%25%20ethanol | title=Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data – U.S. Corn Production and Portion Used for Fuel Ethanol | access-date=2023-01-16 | archive-date=2022-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116113313/https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10339#:~:text=The%20overall%20trend%20has%20been,was%20transitioned%20to%2010%25%20ethanol | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/food-and-farms/biofuels-are-accelerating-the-food-crisis-and-the-climate-crisis-too | title=Biofuels are accelerating the food crisis — and the climate crisis,… | date=19 April 2022 | access-date=2023-01-16 | archive-date=2022-12-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228191812/https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/food-and-farms/biofuels-are-accelerating-the-food-crisis-and-the-climate-crisis-too | url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Meat consumption ===
Rising [[List of countries by meat consumption|meat consumption]] means a corresponding increase in demand for [[animal feed]], especially corn and soybeans, which contributes to higher food prices.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU should target meat consumption to reduce food prices |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/211454/eu-should-target-meat-consumption-to-reduce-food-prices |work=The Brussels Times |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714171810/https://www.brusselstimes.com/211454/eu-should-target-meat-consumption-to-reduce-food-prices |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Adoption of plant-based diets across Europe can improve food resilience against the Russia–Ukraine conflict |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00634-4 |work=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724210343/https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00634-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Responses ==
=== China ===
By the first half of the agricultural year 2022, according to the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]], China acquired 50% of the world supply of wheat, 60% of rice, and 69% of corn.<ref name=":26">{{cite news |title=Prices: China grabs more than half of the world's wheat |url=https://www.efanews.eu/item/22768-prices-china-grabs-more-than-half-of-the-world-s-wheat.html |work=EFA News |publisher=European Food Agency |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303110111/https://www.efanews.eu/item/22768-prices-china-grabs-more-than-half-of-the-world-s-wheat.html |url-status=live }}</ref> China has maintained its food stockpiles at a "historically high level", contributing to higher global food prices.<ref name= "bloomberg-china"/><ref>{{cite news |title=China is in Hoarding Mode Right Now, And It's Pushing Grain Prices to Historic Highs |url=https://www.agweb.com/news/crops/corn/china-hoarding-mode-right-now-and-its-pushing-grain-prices-historic-highs |work=Farm Journal Magazine |date=15 April 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718044608/https://www.agweb.com/news/crops/corn/china-hoarding-mode-right-now-and-its-pushing-grain-prices-historic-highs |url-status=live }}</ref> Bloomberg columnist [[Adam Minter]] wrote that "For China, such stockpiles are necessary to ensure it won't be at the mercy of major food exporters such as the U.S."<ref name= "bloomberg-china">{{cite news |title=One Reason for Rising Food Prices? Chinese Hoarding |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-05/one-reason-for-rising-food-prices-chinese-hoarding |work=Bloomberg |date=5 January 2022 |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2022-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513225045/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-05/one-reason-for-rising-food-prices-chinese-hoarding |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== United States ===
[[File:Food Price Index US.webp|thumb|Food Price Index [[United States]]]]
The [[Biden administration]] responded to the growing shortages in April by trying to increase US farm production. The US policy community was worried about China or other countries filling the food gap. Obstruction in the [[US Congress]] prevented new funding and resources for the crises.<ref name=":4" /> A group of 160 advocacy groups challenged funding cuts by the Biden administration and Congress to [[USDA]] programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As Global Food Crisis Looms, Groups Blast Proposed $1.65 Billion USDA Cut |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/04/05/global-food-crisis-looms-groups-blast-proposed-165-billion-usda-cut |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=Common Dreams |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406223653/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/04/05/global-food-crisis-looms-groups-blast-proposed-165-billion-usda-cut |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 18 May 2022, the US announced $215 million in development assistance to mitigate the crises.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Stepping Up to Prevent a Global Famine – World {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/stepping-prevent-global-famine |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=reliefweb.int |date=19 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603065120/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/stepping-prevent-global-famine |url-status=live }}</ref> This was in addition to $320 million for the Horn of Africa.<ref name=":7" />
=== Germany ===
{{See also|Food vs. fuel}}
Germany is working on a proposal to phase out the use of [[biofuel]]s produced from food crops by 2030.<ref name=":27">{{cite news |title=Britain, Germany push G7 for halt to biofuel mandates to tame food prices |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/exclusive-britain-germany-push-g7-halt-biofuel-mandates-tame-food-prices-2022-06-23/ |work=Reuters |date=23 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |archive-date=2022-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804011614/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/exclusive-britain-germany-push-g7-halt-biofuel-mandates-tame-food-prices-2022-06-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Up to 40% of corn produced in the US is used to make [[ethanol]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Food vs fuel: Ukraine war sharpens debate on use of crops for energy |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b424067e-f56b-4e49-ac34-5b3de07e7f08 |work=Financial Times |date=12 June 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116222010/https://www.ft.com/content/b424067e-f56b-4e49-ac34-5b3de07e7f08 |url-status=live }}</ref> and worldwide 10% of all grain is turned into biofuel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guest view: Global hunger fight means no biofuel |url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/guest-view-global-hunger-fight-means-no-biofuel-2022-06-06/ |work=Reuters |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |archive-date=2022-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626224015/https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/guest-view-global-hunger-fight-means-no-biofuel-2022-06-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A 50% reduction in grain used for biofuels in the US and Europe would replace all of Ukraine's grain exports.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cutting biofuels can help avoid global food shock from Ukraine war |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2312151-cutting-biofuels-can-help-avoid-global-food-shock-from-ukraine-war/ |work=New Scientist |date=14 March 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626224016/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2312151-cutting-biofuels-can-help-avoid-global-food-shock-from-ukraine-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Russia===
[[File:Signing Ceremony of the Black Sea Grain Initiative in Istanbul.png|thumb|Signing ceremony of the [[Black Sea Grain Initiative]] in Istanbul]]
On 30 June 2022, Russia withdrew its troops from [[Snake Island (Ukraine)|Snake Island]] to not obstruct U.N. attempts to open a humanitarian corridor allowing grains to be shipped from Ukraine.
On 16 July, major news outlets reported that Kyiv is definitely a step closer to being able to export grain through its Black Sea ports after talks with Russia, facilitated by [[Turkey]], and the [[United Nations]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-steps-up-attacks-ukraine-after-landmark-nato-summit-2022-06-30/ "Russia abandons Black Sea outpost of Snake Island in victory for Ukraine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630040409/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-steps-up-attacks-ukraine-after-landmark-nato-summit-2022-06-30/ |date=2022-06-30 }}, Reuters. Retrieved 18 July 2022.</ref> Russia was accused of blocking crucial shipments of grains from Ukrainian ports but claims its exports are impacted by economic sanctions. On 23 July, Russia shelled the port of [[Odesa]] which had recently been unlocked.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.euronews.com/amp/2022/07/23/russian-missile-strikes-in-ukrainian-port-hours-after-grain-deal-claims-odesa-mp|title= 'Russian missile strikes' in Ukrainian port hours after grain deal, claims Odesa MP|date= 23 July 2022|publisher= Euronews|access-date= 23 July 2022|archive-date= 23 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220723101259/https://www.euronews.com/amp/2022/07/23/russian-missile-strikes-in-ukrainian-port-hours-after-grain-deal-claims-odesa-mp|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/us-pledges-more-military-aid-ukraine-peace-seems-far-off-2022-07-22/|title=Ukraine says Russian missiles hit Odesa port; landmark grain deal at risk|publisher= Reuters|date=23 July 2022}}</ref>
The first shipment since the [[Black Sea Grain Initiative|grain agreement]] was set off for Lebanon, where the [[Sierra Leone]]-flagged ship Razoni carried the cargo of corn.<ref name=":28">{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-pounds-ukrainian-port-putin-announces-global-maritime-ambitions-2022-08-01/|title=First Ukraine grain ship set to sail; grain tycoon killed in Russia strike|access-date= 31 July 2022| publisher =Reuters}}</ref> As of August 20, the total number of vessels leaving Ukraine in accordance with the agreement reached 27.<ref name=":29">{{cite news |title=Two more grain ships leave Ukraine, Turkey's defence ministry says |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/two-more-grain-ships-leave-ukraine-turkeys-defence-ministry-says-2022-08-20/ |work=Reuters |date=20 August 2022 |language=en |access-date=2023-01-16 |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820070110/https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/two-more-grain-ships-leave-ukraine-turkeys-defence-ministry-says-2022-08-20/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 14 September 2022, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres reiterated his concerns over a constrained fertilizer supply from Russia due to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and subsequent economic sanctions. According to the source, UN diplomats held discussions to re-open the [[TogliattiAzot|Togliatti–Odesa pipeline]] carrying [[ammonia]]. President [[Vladimir Zelenskiy]] had offered such a move in exchange for the release of [[prisoners of war]] held by Russia. But [[TASS]] news agency quoted Kremlin spokesman [[Dmitry Peskov]], who dismissed such an idea, as saying "are people and ammonia the same thing?".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balmforth |first=Tom |date=2022-09-16 |title=Exclusive: Zelenskiy suggests resuming Russia ammonia exports in exchange for POWs, Kremlin says no |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/zelenskiy-tells-russia-hand-over-pows-return-ammonia-exports-2022-09-16/ |access-date= |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116222004/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/zelenskiy-tells-russia-hand-over-pows-return-ammonia-exports-2022-09-16/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Mykolaiv after Russian missile attack, 2023-07-20 (03).jpg|thumb|Following [[Vladimir Putin]]'s withdrawal from the grain deal, Russia launched a series of [[2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure|attacks on the Ukrainian port cities]] of Odesa and Mykolaiv.<ref name="UN News">{{cite news |title=Ukraine: Guterres 'strongly condemns' Russian attacks on Odesa and other ports |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/07/1138927 |work=UN News |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723111019/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/07/1138927 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
On 29 October 2022, Russia suspended participation in grain initiative.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ljunggren |first1=David |date=2022-10-30 |title=Russia halts Ukraine Black Sea grain exports, prompting food crisis concerns |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-suspends-participation-deal-ukraine-grain-exports-tass-2022-10-29/ |access-date= |archive-date=2022-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029145739/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-suspends-participation-deal-ukraine-grain-exports-tass-2022-10-29/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, vessel traffic will resume on November 3.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-02 |title=Russia Agrees to Resume Ukraine Grain Export Deal; Wheat Tumbles |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-02/turkey-says-grain-shipments-to-resume-via-ukraine-grain-corridor |access-date= |website=www.bloomberg.com |archive-date=2022-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103021611/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-02/turkey-says-grain-shipments-to-resume-via-ukraine-grain-corridor |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 17 July 2023, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] withdrew from a deal that allowed Ukraine to export grain across the Black Sea despite a wartime blockade,<ref name="grain deal2023-politico">{{cite news |title=Putin tightens grip on Africa after killing Black Sea grain deal |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/africa-beholden-to-russia-after-vladimir-putin-kills-black-sea-grain-deal-ukraine/ |work=Politico |date=19 July 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831120649/https://www.politico.eu/article/africa-beholden-to-russia-after-vladimir-putin-kills-black-sea-grain-deal-ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's grain deal exit is a stab in the back – Kenya |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66223280 |work=BBC News |date=19 July 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724001417/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66223280 |url-status=live }}</ref> risking deepening the global food crisis and antagonizing neutral countries in the [[Global South]].<ref>{{cite news |title=By pulling out of the Ukrainian grain deal, Russia risks alienating its few remaining partners |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-putin-grain-turkey-syria-ac5c945990c2c53eeca37e642ab6c5a7 |work=AP News |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012044738/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-putin-grain-turkey-syria-ac5c945990c2c53eeca37e642ab6c5a7 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following Putin's withdrawal from the grain deal, Russia launched a series of [[2022–2023 Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure|attacks on the Ukrainian port cities]] of [[Odesa]] and [[Mykolaiv]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine accuses Russia of deliberately striking Odesa port, grain terminals |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-russia-intentionally-struck-grain-terminals-port-odesa-2023-07-19/ |work=Reuters |date=19 July 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723114329/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-says-russia-intentionally-struck-grain-terminals-port-odesa-2023-07-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UN News"/> Russia's Defense Ministry said the strikes were in retaliation for the [[2023 Crimean Bridge explosion]], but Ukraine said Russia was attacking civilian infrastructure linked to grain exports.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukrainian air defenses in Odesa outgunned as Russia targets global grain supply |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/20/europe/ukraine-air-defenses-odesa-russia-strikes-grain-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723074326/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/20/europe/ukraine-air-defenses-odesa-russia-strikes-grain-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Kenya]]n senior foreign ministry official Abraham Korir Sing'Oei said that Russia's decision "to exit the Black Sea Grain Initiative is a stab [in] the back" and the resulting rise in global food prices "disproportionately impacts countries in the Horn of Africa already impacted" by the [[2020-2023 Horn of Africa Drought|worst drought]] in four decades.<ref name="grain deal2023-politico"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Catastrophic drought that's pushed millions into crisis made 100 times more likely by climate change, analysis finds |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/27/africa/drought-horn-of-africa-climate-change-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=17 April 2023 |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723114329/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/27/africa/drought-horn-of-africa-climate-change-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== International organizations ===
The [[World Bank]] announced a new $12 billion fund to address the food crises.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=Ukraine war has stoked global food crisis that could last years, says UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/19/ukraine-war-has-stoked-global-food-crisis-that-could-last-years-says-un |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901192914/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/19/ukraine-war-has-stoked-global-food-crisis-that-could-last-years-says-un |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":31">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Announces Planned Actions for Global Food Crisis Response |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/05/18/world-bank-announces-planned-actions-for-global-food-crisis-response |access-date=19 May 2022 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831065151/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/05/18/world-bank-announces-planned-actions-for-global-food-crisis-response |url-status=live }}</ref>
In May 2022, Máximo Torero, chief economist at the U.N. [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], warned European politicians that if they move away from natural gas production too soon, the price of [[fertilizer]]s will rise and more people in the world will suffer from hunger.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ditching gas to save the planet risks mass starvation, top UN economist says |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/starvation-risk-gas-energy-un-food-economist-torero/ |work=Politico |date=17 May 2022 |access-date=24 September 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011192154/https://www.politico.eu/article/starvation-risk-gas-energy-un-food-economist-torero/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In May 2022, the [[United Nations]] called for Russia to facilitate the reopening of Ukrainian grain ports to mitigate the global food crises.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Brink of starvation': Russia pressed to release Ukraine grain |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/19/un-hopes-to-restore-ukraine-grain-exports-amid-global-food-crisis |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Al-Jazeera |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603134126/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/19/un-hopes-to-restore-ukraine-grain-exports-amid-global-food-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[2021–2023 global supply chain crisis]]
*[[2021–2023 inflation surge]]
==
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{{Energy in Russia}}
{{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
{{Nutritional pathology}}
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[[Category:Food politics|2022-2023 crises]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry|2022-2023 crises]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on transport]]
[[Category:Impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
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