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{{short description|Celtic ethnic group}}
{{Other uses|Breton (disambiguation){{!}}Breton|Briton (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group = Bretons<br />''Bretons'' (French)<br />''Bretoned'' or ''Breizhiz'' (Breton)
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}}
 
The '''Bretons''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɛ|t|ɒ|n|z|,_|-|ən|z|,_|-|ɒ̃|z}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{lang-langx|br|Bretoned}} or ''Vretoned,'' {{IPA-Lang|br|breˈtɔ̃nɛtVretoned}}) are a [[Celts|Celtic]],<ref>{{citeAfter bookthe |last=Minahan |first=James |title=Onedefinite Europearticle, ManyB Nations:> AV Historical(See Dictionary of European National Groups |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC |date=2000 |publisher=[[GreenwoodBreton Publishing Groupmutations]])</ref> {{IPA-br|page=179 |isbn=0313309841 |quote=The [[Cornish people|Cornish]]breˈtɔ̃nɛt}}) are related to the other Celtic peoples of Europe, the Bretons,* [[Irish people|Irish]],* [[Scottish people|Scots]],* [[Manx people|Manx]],* [[Welsh people|Welsh]],* and the [[Galicians]]* of northwestern Spain}}</ref>an [[ethnic group]] native to [[Brittany]], north-western [[France]]. TheyOriginally, tracethe their[[demonym]] heritage todesignated groups of [[Common Brittonic|Brittonic]] speakers who emigrated from [[Dumnonia|southwestern Great Britain]], particularly [[Cornwall]] and [[Devon]], mostly during the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]]. They migrated in waves from the 3rd to 9th century (most heavily from 450 to 600) intoto [[Armorica]],. whichThe region was subsequently named Brittany after them, as were the inhabitants of Armorica as a whole.<ref name=bretonmigrations>{{cite book | last = Koch | first = John | author-link =John T. Koch |title = Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia | publisher = ABL-CIO | year = 2005 | pages = 275 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA275 | isbn = 978-1-85109-440-0 | access-date = September 29, 2012}}</ref>
 
The main traditional language of Brittany is [[Breton language|Breton]] (''Brezhoneg''), spoken in [[Lower Brittany]] (i.e., the western part of the peninsula). Breton is spoken by around 206,000 people as of 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bre|title=Breton|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> The other principal minority language of Brittany is [[Gallo language|Gallo]]; Gallo is spoken only in Upper Brittany, where Breton used to be spoken as well but it has seen a decline and has been less dominant in Upper Brittany since around the year 900. As one of the [[Brittonic languages]], Breton is related closely to [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and more distantly to [[Welsh language|Welsh]], while the [[Gallo language]] is one of the [[Romance languages|Romance]] ''[[langues d'oïl]]''. Currently, most Bretons' native language is [[standard French]].
 
Historically, Brittany and its people arehave been counted as one of the six [[Celtic nations]]. Ethnically, along with the [[Cornish people|Cornish]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]], the Bretons are [[Celtic Britons]]. The actual number of Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the [[government of France]] does not collect statistics on ethnicity. The population of Brittany, based on a January 2007 estimate, was 4,365,500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breizh.net/icdbl/saozg/endangered.htm#|title=Breton Language|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> There is reason to believe that this number includes the department of [[Loire-Atlantique]], which the [[Vichy government]] separated from historical Brittany in 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France: Bretagne population 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1341737/population-bretagne-france/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>
 
It is said that, in 1914, over 1one million people spoke Breton west of the boundary between the Breton and Gallo-speaking region -- roughlyregion—roughly 90% of the population of the western half of Brittany. In 1945, Breton speakers consisted about 75% of the population. Today, in all of Brittany, at most 20% of the population can speak Breton. 75% of the estimated 200,000 to 250,000 Breton speakers using Breton as an everyday language are over the age of 65.
 
A strong historical emigration has created a Breton diaspora within the French borders and in the [[Overseas France|overseas departments and territories of France]]; it is mainly established in the [[Île-de-France|Paris area]], where more than one million people claim Breton heritage. Many Breton families have also immigratedmigrated to the Americas, predominantly to [[Breton Canadians|Canada]] (mostly [[Quebec]] and [[Atlantic Canada]]) and the [[Breton Americans|United States]]. The only places outside Brittany that still retain significant Breton customs are in [[Île-de-France]] (mainly [[Montparnasse|Quartier de Montparnasse]] in Paris), [[Le Havre]] and in [[Îles des Saintes]], where a group of Breton families settled in the mid-17th century.
 
==History==
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It is generally accepted that the Brittonic speakers who arrived gave the region its current name as well as the [[Breton language]], ''Brezhoneg'', a sister language to Welsh and Cornish.
 
There are numerous records of [[Celtic Christianity|Celtic Christian]] missionaries migrating from Britain during the second wave of Breton colonisation, especially the legendary [[Brittany#Religion|seven founder-saints of Brittany]] as well as [[Gildas]].
 
As in Cornwall, many Breton towns are named after these early saints. The Irish saint [[Columbanus]] was also active in Brittany and is commemorated at [[Saint-Columban]] in [[Carnac]].
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After 15 years of disputes in the French courts, the European Court of Justice recognized Breton Nationality for the six children of Jean-Jacques and Mireille Manrot-Le Goarnig; they are "European Citizens of Breton Nationality".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/goarnig-kozh-livre-son-dernier-combat-1448697|title=Goarnig Kozh a livré son dernier combat|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> In 2015, Jonathan Le Bris started a legal battle against the French administration to claim this status.
 
==Breton diasporaDiaspora==
The Breton community outside Brittany includes groups of Bretons in the Greater [[Paris]] area, [[Le Havre]], and [[Toulon]]. Groups with Breton heritage also live in other countries, most notably in Canada and the United States. In Paris, Bretons used to settle in the neighborhood around the Montparnasse train station, which is also the terminus of the Paris-[[Brest, France|Brest]] railway.
 
===Bretons inIn the United States===
Famous Breton Americans and Americans of Breton descent include [[John James Audubon]], [[Jack Kerouac]], and [[Joseph-Yves Limantour]].
 
BetweenFrom 1885 andto 1970, several thousandsthousand Bretons immigratedmigrated to the United States, many of them leaving the Black Mountains of [[Morbihan]].<ref>[https://www.persee.fr/doc/noroi_0029-182x_1962_num_34_1_1394 Lysiane Bernard, L'émigration « américaine » de la région de Gourin et ses conséquences géographiques. Norois, 1962, pp. 185-195]</ref> In June 2020, a replica of the [[Statue of Liberty]] was dedicated in [[Gourin]], [[Morbihan]], to celebrate the legacy of these emigrants.
 
==Culture==
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===Pardons===
A ''[[Pardon (ceremony)|pardon]]'' is the patron saint's [[Calendar of saints|feast day]] of the [[parish]]. It often begins with a procession followed by mass in honour of the saint. ''Pardons'' are often accompanied by small village fairs.
The three most famous ''pardons'' are:
* [[Saint Anne|Sainte-Anne]] d'[[Auray]]/Santez-Anna-Wened
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In eastern Brittany, a regional ''[[langues d'oïl|langue d'oïl]]'', [[Gallo language|Gallo]], developed. Gallo shares certain [[areal feature]]s such as points of vocabulary, idiom, and pronunciation with Breton, but is a [[Romance languages|Romance language]]. Neither language has official status under French law; however, some still use Breton as an everyday language. As of the 1980s, bilingual roadsides have been placed around the department as a way to regain a sense of cultural heritage.<ref>{{Citation |last=Leizaola |first=Aitzpea |title=Le paysage linguistique |date=2007 |url=https://blogs.fasos.maastrichtuniversity.nl/afterbabel/20162017/ldelacroix/2017/05/31/the-linguistic-landscape-of-bretagne-frenchbreton-and-what-about-gallo/ |work=L'Aménagement du territoire en Pays basque |pages=81–102 |access-date=2023-05-03 |place=Gasteiz |publisher=Zarautz Dakit |isbn=978-84-932368-3-0 |last2=Egaña |first2=Miren}}</ref>
 
From 1880 to the mid-20th century, Breton was banned from the French school system and children were punished for speaking it. MuchThis likewas similar to Britain's enforcement of English, not Welsh, being used in Welsh schools during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The situation changed in 1951 with the [[Deixonne Law]]. This law allowed Breton language and culture to be taught 1–3 hours a week in the public school system on the provision that a teacher was both able and prepared to do so. In modern times, a number of schools and colleges have emerged with the aim of providing Breton-medium education or bilingual Breton/French education.<ref name="omniglot.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/breton.htm|title=Breton language, alphabet and pronunciation|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>
 
=== Breton-language media ===
There are a number of Breton language weekly and monthly magazines.<ref name="omniglot.com" /> Newspapers, magazines and online journals available in Breton include ''[[Al Lanv]]'' (based in Quimper),<ref>[http://allanv.microopen.org/ Allanv.microopen.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509092940/http://allanv.microopen.org/ |date=May 9, 2009 }}</ref> ''[[Al Liamm]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alliamm.com/|title=Al Liamm - Degemer|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> [[Louarnig]]-[[Rouzig]], and ''[[Bremañ]]''.
 
There are a number ofSeveral radio stations with broadcastsbroadcast in the Breton language, namely: [[Arvorig FM]], [[France Bleu Armorique]], [[France Bleu Breizh-Izel]], [[Radio Bro Gwened]], [[Radio Kerne]], and [[Radio Kreiz Breizh]].
 
Television programmes in Breton are also available on [[Brezhoweb]],<ref>Website of the web streaming channel Brezhoweb: [https://www.brezhoweb.bzh/ https://www.brezhoweb.bzh/]</ref> [[France 3 Breizh]], [[France 3 Iroise]], [[TV Breizh]] and [[TV Rennes]]. There are also a number of Breton language weekly and monthly magazines.<ref name="omniglot.com" />
 
=== Music ===
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* The national anthem ''[[Bro Gozh ma Zadoù]],'' based on the Welsh ''[[Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau]]''.
* The traditional motto of the former Dukes of Brittany is ''{{lang|br|Kentoc'h mervel eget bezañ saotret''}} in Breton, or ''{{lang|la|Potius mori quam fœdari''}} in [[Latin]].
* The "national day" is observed on 1 August,<ref>Pierre Le Baud, Cronicques & Ystoires des Bretons.</ref> the [[Calendar of saints|Feast]] of [[Ivo of Kermartin|Saint Erwann]] (Saint Yves). Although, the "''Gouel Breizh''" (Festival of Brittany), is the biggest Breton national event, taking place every year during the week of the 19th of May: the day Saint Yves died.
* The ermine is an important symbol of Brittany reflected in the ancient blazons of the Duchy of Brittany and also in the [[Order of chivalry|chivalric order]], ''[[Order of the Ermine (France)|L’Ordre de l’Hermine]]'' (The Order of the Ermine).
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==See also==
* [[Celtic Britons]]
* [[Armorica]]
* [[Breton nationalism]]
* [[Brittany]]
* [[British migration to France]]
* [[Brythons]]
* [[Celtic nations]]
* [[Cornish language]]
* [[Cornwall]]
* [[History of Brittany]]
* [[List of Breton authors]]
* [[List of Breton poets]]
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* [[:br:|Wikipedia in Breton]]
 
==Gallery==
==Images of Brittany==
<gallery>
ImageFile:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Breton Brother and Sister (1871).jpg|[[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]], ''Breton Brother and Sister''
File:Gauguin - Bretonne.jpg|[[Paul Gauguin]], ''Breton Girl''
File:Émile Bernard Breton Women at a Wall.jpg| [[Émile Bernard (painter)|Émile Bernard]], ''[[Breton Women at a Wall]]''
File:Jean-Baptist Camille Corot Breton Woman With Her Little Girl.jpg|[[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot|Jean-Baptiste-Camille]], ''Breton woman and her little daughter''
Image:Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Vannes-2253.jpg|[[Vannes Cathedral]]
ImageFile:Bagad.JPG|The ''[[bagad]]'' of Lann-Bihoué of the [[French Navy]]▼
Image:Place de la Mairie, Rennes, France.jpg|City hall of [[Rennes]]
Image:ChateauNantesEntrance1900.jpg|[[Château des ducs de Bretagne|Castle of the Dukes of Brittany]] in [[Nantes]]
Image:Huelgoat Chaos mill.jpg|[[Huelgoat]] is the ancestral home of the [[Kerouac]] family
Image:Bretagne Finistere Quimper 20072.jpg|City of [[Quimper, Finistère|Quimper]]
Image:Saintmalo.jpg|City of [[Saint-Malo]]
▲Image:Bagad.JPG|The ''[[bagad]]'' of Lann-Bihoué of the [[French Navy]]
File:Breton pipe player.jpg|Breton pipe player
</gallery>
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* [http://www.ofis-bzh.org/ Ofis ar Brezhoneg (l'Office de la langue bretonne)]
 
{{Celtic nationsCelts}}
{{authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Breton people| ]]
[[Category:Brythonic Celts]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in France]]
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