Mountain pigeon: Difference between revisions

'''Mountain pigeons''' are four [[species]] of birds in the [[genus]] '''''Gymnophaps''''' in the pigeon [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Columbidae]]. They are found on islands in eastern [[Indonesia]] and western [[Melanesia]], where they inhabit hill and [[Montane Forest|montane forest]]. Medium-sized pigeons with long tails and wings, they are {{Convert|33–38.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weigh {{Convert|259–385|g|oz|abbr=on}}. They mostly have dull grey, white, or chestnut-brown plumage, withtheir most distinctive feature being bright red skin around the eyes being their most distinctive feature. Males and females mostly look alike, but the [[Papuan mountain pigeon|Papuan]] and [[Pale mountain pigeon|pale mountain pigeons]] show slight [[sexual dimorphism]]. Mountain pigeons are very [[Sociality|social]] and are usually seen in [[Flock (birds)|flocks]] of 10–40 birds, although some species can form flocks of more than 100 individuals. They are generally quiet and do not make many vocalisations. However,apart they makefrom a distinctive whooshing noise while leaving their high-altitude [[Communal roosting|roosts]] to feed in the morning.

The genus was originally [[Species description|described]] by the Italian zoologist [[Tommaso Salvadori]] in 1874 and currently contains the Papuan, [[Seram mountain pigeon|Seram]], [[Buru mountain pigeon|Buru]], and pale mountain pigeons. The species are [[Allopatric speciation|allopatric]] (having geographically separated populations) and form a single [[superspecies]]. Mountain pigeons are [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] (tree-inhabiting) and feed on a wide variety of fruit -like [[Ficus|figs]] and [[Drupe|drupes]], mainly foraging for food in the canopy. Nests can be of two types: the first type is a shallow depression in the [[forest floor]] or short grass,; while the second isand a platform of sticks placed at a height of several metres in a tree. [[Clutch (eggs)|Clutches]] consist of a single white egg. All four species are listed as being of [[Least-concern species|least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].

The [[genus]] ''Gymnophaps'' was introduced by the Italian zoologist [[Tommaso Salvadori]] in 1874 for the [[Papuan mountain pigeon]] (''Gymnophaps albertisii''), which is the [[type species]] of the genus.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salvadori |first=Tommaso |author-link=Tommaso Salvadori |year=1874 |title=Altre nuove specie di uccelli della Nuova Guinea e di Goram raccolte dal Signor L.M. D'Albertis |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10812996 |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova |language=Italian, Latin |volume=6 |pages=81–88 [86] |oclc=820904343 |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]}}</ref> The name ''Gymnophaps'' combines the [[Ancient Greek]] words {{lang|grc|γυμνος}} (''{{transl|grc|gumnos''}}), meaning {{gloss|bare,}} and {{lang|grc|φαψ}} (''{{transl|grc|phaps''}}), meaning {{gloss|pigeon}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A. |url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n182/mode/1up |title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |publisher=Christopher Helm |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |location=London |page=182 |language=en |author-link=James A. Jobling |via=[[BiodiversityInternet Heritage LibraryArchive]]}}</ref> In 1900, after the 1899 [[Species description|description]] of the [[Buru mountain pigeon]] (''Gymnophaps mada'') as a species of ''[[Columba (bird)|Columba]]'', the German [[ornithologist]] [[Ernst Hartert]] stated that if ''Gymnophaps'' was to be maintained, it would have to include the Buru mountain pigeon as well, although he preferred keeping both the Papuan and Buru mountain pigeons in ''Columba''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hartert |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Hartert |year=1900 |title=The birds of Buru, being a list of collections made on that island by Messrs. William Doherty and Dumas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3266906#page/255/mode/1up |journal=Novitates Zoologicae |language=en |volume=7 |pages=226–242 [241] |oclc=1588421 |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]}}</ref> The [[Seram mountain pigeon]] (''Gymnophaps stalkeri''), originally described as a separate species, was moved into ''Gymnophaps'' as a subspecies of the Buru mountain pigeon in 1927.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathews |first=Gregory M. |author-link=Gregory Mathews |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/257003#page/78/mode/1up |title=Systema avium Australasianarum: A systematic list of the birds of the Australasian region |publisher=[[British Ornithologists' Union]] |year=1927 |location=London |page=54 |language=en |oclc=62578303 |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]}}</ref> The German-American ornithologist [[Ernst Mayr]] described the [[pale mountain pigeon]] (''Gymnophaps solomonensis'') in 1931.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |date=1931 |title=Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition XVII. The birds of Malaita Island (British Solomon Islands) |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/4238 |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |language=en-US |issue=504 |pages=11–12 |hdl=2246/4238 }}</ref> In 2007, the Buru and Seram mountain pigeons were again [[Lumpers and splitters|split]] as distinct species by the ornithologists Frank Rheindt and Robert Hutchinson on the basis of differences in appearance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Robert |last2=Rheindt |first2=Frank |date=2007 |title=A photoshot odyssey through the confused avian taxonomy of Seram and Buru (southern Moluccas).|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276377362 |journal=BirdingASIA |volume=7 |pages=18–38}}</ref> All four species in the genus are [[Allopatric speciation|allopatric]] (having geographically isolated populations) and can be considered to form a single [[superspecies]].<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" />

''Gymnophaps'' was initially thought to be most closely related to ''Columba'', but the Australian ornithologist [[Tom Iredale]] suggested in 1956 that it was more closely related to the [[fruit dove]] genus ''Ptilinopus'' due to its [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] and [[frugivorous]] nature. In 1963, the British ornithologist [[Derek Goodwin]] also hypothesizedhypothesised that ''Gymnophaps'' was more closely related to ''Ptilinopus'' and the [[imperial pigeon]] genus ''Ducula'' than ''Columba'' due to similarities in their plumage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodwin |first=Derek |date=1963 |title=On the Affinities of ''Gymnophaps'' |journal=[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]] |language=en |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=116–118 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1963.tb02484.x}}</ref> A 2007 [[Mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] and [[nuclear DNA]] study of 41 pigeon genera by the Brazilian evolutionary biologist Sergio Pereira and colleagues found that ''Gymnophaps'' was most closely related to the [[topknot pigeon]], with this [[clade]] being [[Sister group|sister]] to (the closest relative of) ''[[Hemiphaga]]''. These three genera are further sister to another clade formed by ''Ptilinopus'', the [[cloven-feathered dove]], and ''[[Alectroenas]]'', with ''Ducula'' being the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] genus in the group. The following [[cladogram]] shows the relationships within this group based on the study:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=Sergio L. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kevin P. |last3=Clayton |first3=Dale H. |last4=Baker |first4=Allan J. |date=2007 |editor-last=Paterson |editor-first=Adrian |title=Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences support a Cretaceous origin of Columbiformes and a dispersal-driven radiation in the Paleogene |journal=Systematic Biology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=656–672 |doi=10.1080/10635150701549672 |issn=1063-5157 |oclc=9986998490 |pmid=17661233 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

!|+ colspan="5"Mountain style="text-align:center;pigeon background:#d3d3a4;" |'''Speciesspecies in [[taxonomic sequence]]'''

! scope="col" style="width:20%; text-align:center;" |Common name

! scope="col" | Image

! scope="col" style="width:10%; text-align:center;" |IUCN Red List Status

! scope="col" style="width:30%; text-align:center;" |Distribution

! scope="row" |[[Papuan mountain pigeon]]

|''Gymnophaps albertsiialbertisii''<br/>[[Tommaso Salvadori|Salvadori]], 1874

|{{IUCN status|LC|22691850A93326139|1}}<ref name="albertsii status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |title=''Gymnophaps albertisii'' |page=e.T22691850A93326139 |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |volume=2016 |access-date=2021-11-11 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691850A93326139.en}}</ref>

! scope="row" |[[Buru mountain pigeon]]

|''Gymnophaps mada''<br/>([[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1899)

|{{IUCN status|LC|45448755A95156047|1}}<ref name="mada status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |title=''Gymnophaps mada'' |page=e.T45448755A95156047 |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |volume=2016 |access-date=2021-11-11 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T45448755A95156047.en}}</ref>

! scope="row" |[[Seram mountain pigeon]]

|''Gymnophaps stalkeri''<br/>([[William Ogilvie-Grant|Ogilvie-Grant]], 1911)

|{{IUCN status|LC|45448758A95156213|1}}<ref name="stalkeri status 11 November 2021">{{Cite iucn |title=''Gymnophaps stalkeri'' |page=e.T45448758A95156213 |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |access-date=2021-11-11 |language=en}}</ref>

! scope="row" |[[Pale mountain pigeon]]

|''Gymnophaps solomonensis''<br/>[[Ernst Mayr|Mayr]], 1931

|{{IUCN status|LC|22691860A93326309|1}}<ref name="solomonensis status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |title=''Gymnophaps solomonensis'' |page=e.T22691860A93326309 |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |volume=2016 |access-date=2021-11-12 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691860A93326309.en}}</ref>

All four species of mountain pigeon are medium-sized pigeons with long tails and wings, with lengths ranging from {{Convert|33–38.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} and masses of {{Convert|259–385|g|oz|abbr=on}}. They have dull grey, white, or chestnut-brown plumage and extensive red [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbital]] skin.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001">{{Cite book |last1=Gibbs |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r__Tx8QKQfMC&q=pigeons+and+doves |title=Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World |last2=Barnes |first2=Eustace |last3=Cox |first3=John |publisher=[[Pica Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-8734-0360-0 |location=London |pages=577–580 |language=en |oclc=701718514 |author-link=David Gibbs (naturalist)}}</ref> In most species, both sexes look similar, but the Buru and Papuan mountain pigeon show slight [[sexual dimorphism]].<ref name=":0Baptista2020a" /><ref name=":5Baptista2020b" /> Mountain pigeons can be distinguished from other pigeons by the red skin around the eyes, the bluish-grey {{Birdgloss|mantle}}, and the scaly patterning on the wings.<ref name=":22Beehler2016">{{Cite book |last1=Beehler |first1=Bruce |title=Birds of New Guinea: Distribution, Taxonomy, and Systematics |last2=Pratt |first2=Thane |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4008-8071-3 |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] |pages=92 |language=en |oclc=936447561 |author-link=Bruce Beehler}}</ref>

Papuan mountain pigeons are {{Convert|33–36|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weigh {{Convert|259|g|oz|abbr=on}} on average. Adult males have slate-grey {{Birdgloss|upperparts|upperparts}}, chestnut-maroon throats and bellies, whitish breasts, and a pale grey terminal tail band, with bright red [[Lore (anatomy)|lores]] and orbital regions. Females are similar, but have grayish breasts and grey edges to the throat feathers.<ref name=":5Baptista2020b" /> The pale mountain pigeon has an average length of 38 cm (15 in) and weighs 310–385 g (10.9–13.6 oz). The head and neck are whitish-grey, the belly and lower breast are [[Buff (colour)|buffy]]-pink, and the {{Birdgloss|vent|vent}} and undertail [[coverts]] are pale grey. The [[upperparts]] are smoky-grey with darker fringes on the mantle and wing coverts. Both sexes look similar, but there can be large variationvariations in individual appearance.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" /><ref name=":6Baptista2020c" />

Buru mountain pigeons are {{Convert|33–38.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, and have blue-grey crowns and necks, darker slate-grey upperparts, and white to pale buff-pink throats and breasts that become buff-pink towards the belly. Females are smaller and have more dark red on the breast than the males.<ref name=":0Baptista2020a" /> The Seram mountain pigeon has a buff-pink face and breast, [[Wine (color)|wine]]-pink [[underparts]], a grey nape, crown, back of neck, and thighs, and dark chestnut belly and underside of the tail.<ref name=":2del Hoyo2020" />

Mountain pigeons are generally silent, but have been recorded giving a deep ''woooooo m'' or ''woom'', soft whistles, a wheezy ''vrrhu'', and a quiet ''vruu''.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" />

Mountain pigeons are all found on islands in the [[Maluku Islands]] and [[Melanesia]]. The Papuan mountain pigeon is found on [[New Guinea]], [[Yapen]], the [[D'Entrecasteaux Islands]], the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], and [[Bacan Islands|Bacan]].<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" /> The Buru mountain pigeon is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Buru]]<ref name=":0Baptista2020a" /> and the Seram mountain pigeon is endemic to [[Seram Island|Seram]].<ref name=":2del Hoyo2020" /> The pale mountain pigeon is endemic to the [[Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Solomon Islands archipelago]], where it is found on [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], [[Kolombangara]], [[Vangunu]], [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]].<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" />

All four species in the genus inhabit hill and [[montane forest]]s, but frequently visit lowlands to feed. Some species also show seasonal movements, with; large flocks of the Papuan mountain pigeon in the [[Schrader Range]] descendingdescend to visit [[beech]] forests during the [[rainy season]] from October to March.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" />

All four species of mountain pigeons are highly [[gregarious]], usually being found in flocks of 10–40 birds, with; flocks of the Papuan mountain pigeon havinghave as many as 80 birds. Flocks of the pale mountain pigeon near fruiting trees can have more than 100 individuals. Less commonly, mountain pigeons can also be found singly or in pairs.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" />

Mountain pigeons generally [[Communal roosting|roost]] high in mountains and descend in flocks to feed in the mornings. While doing so, they can drop hundreds of metres in a single dive, making a loud whooshing noise with their wings that is distinctive of the genus. The birds fly low above trees while leaving the roost, but fly very high while crossing lowlands.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" />

Mountain pigeons are [[arboreal]] (tree-inhabiting) [[frugivore]]s, feeding on a variety of fruit such as [[Ficus|figs]] and [[drupe]]s. They mostly forage in the [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]], although they are also sometimes found in the midstorey or [[Understory|understorey]]. In the pale mountain pigeon, birds that are disturbed during foraging fly explosively out of the tree.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" /> The Papuan mountain pigeon will fly long distances to visit specific species of fruiting plants,;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Symes |first1=Craig T. |last2=Marsden |first2=Stuart J. |date=2007 |title=Patterns of supra-canopy flight by pigeons and parrots at a hill-forest site in Papua New Guinea |journal=[[Emu (journal)|Emu]] |language=en |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=115–125 |doi=10.1071/MU06041 |bibcode=2007EmuAO.107..115S |issn=0158-4197 |oclc=7078948562 |s2cid=83564114}}</ref> while others have been recorded feeding on trees near the coast.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" /> The Papuan mountain pigeon has been recorded drinking water from puddles on the roadside<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" /> and [[eating soil]].<ref name=":4Diamond2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=Jared |last2=Bishop |first2=K. David |last3=Gilardi |first3=James D. |date=2008 |title=Geophagy in New Guinea birds |journal=[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]] |language=en |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07540.x |issn=0019-1019 |oclc=5157014478}}</ref>

A [[Advertising in biology|display flight]] has been observed during the breeding season in the Papuan and Seram mountain pigeons. In the Papuan mountain pigeon, one or two males consort with a female from an open perch overlooking a steep drop, after which one male launches himself and dives down before suddenly rising {{Convert|25–30|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the forest canopy with rapid wingbeats. The male then stalls at the top of this rise and plummets again before returning to his perch. This is repeated periodically, with both males taking turns to display to the female.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" /> Male Seram mountain pigeons perform a similar display, but fly lower, less steeply, and continue to fly forward after descending instead of returning to the perch immediately.<ref name=":12Reeve2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Reeve |first1=Andrew H. |last2=Haryoko |first2=Tri |last3=Poulsen |first3=Michael K. |last4=Fabre |first4=Pierre-Henri |last5=Jønsson |first5=Knud A. |date=2014 |title=New ornithological records from Buru and Seram, south Maluku, Indonesia, 1995–2012 |url=https://wwwstatic1.researchgatesquarespace.netcom/publicationstatic/2790458875c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c2145e8cd8366c20785471d/1545684457871/Buru_Seram.pdf |journal=[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]] |volume=30 |pages=15 |issn=0950-1746 |oclc=1322699583}}</ref>

The Papuan mountain pigeon's breeding season lasts from October to March in the Schrader Range, but it may breed throughout the year in other parts of its range. The pale mountain pigeon has been observed breeding from July to September.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" /><!-- cites last two sentences --> The only known nest of the Seram mountain pigeon was seen in September.<ref name=":3Hutchinson2009" /> Nothing is known about the Buru mountain pigeon's breeding.<ref name=":0Baptista2020a" />

Mountain pigeons nests can be of two types: the first type is a shallow depression in the [[forest floor]] or short grass,; while the second isand a platform of sticks placed at a height of several metres in a tree.<ref name=":3Hutchinson2009" /> The Papuan mountain pigeon is thought to nest in a partially [[Bird colony|colonial]] manner.<ref name=":1Gibbs2001" /> The Papuan, pale, and Seram mountain pigeons all lay [[Clutch (eggs)|clutches]] of one white egg, while; the Buru mountain pigeon's clutch size is not known.<ref name=":3Hutchinson2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Robert O. |last2=Rheindt |first2=Frank E. |date=2009 |title=First Nest and Egg of the Seram Mountain-Pigeon ''Gymnophaps stalkeri'' of Maluku |url=http://23.101.26.160/index.php/KKL/article/view/152 |journal=Kukila |volume=14 |pages=41–43 |oclc=7150260576}}</ref>

Mountain pigeons have been recorded being [[Parasitism|parasitised]] by the [[feather louse]] ''[[Columbicola galei]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Richard J. |last2=Price |first2=Roger D. |last3=Clayton |first3=Dale H. |date=2005 |title=Taxonomic revision of Old World members of the feather louse genus ''Columbicola'' (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), including descriptions of eight new species |journal=[[Journal of Natural History]] |language=en |volume=39 |issue=41 |pages=3545–3618 |doi=10.1080/00222930500393368 |bibcode=2005JNatH..39.3545A |issn=0022-2933 |oclc=4901165403 |s2cid=42031784 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5220802 }}</ref> They may be hunted by the [[pygmy eagle]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bishop |first1=David |last2=Diamond |first2=Jared |last3=Hornbuckle |first3=Jonathan |last4=Debus |first4=Stephen |date=2016 |title=New breeding, distribution and prey records for the Pygmy Eagle ''Hieraeetus weiskei'' |url=https://afo.birdlife.org.au/afo/index.php/afo/article/view/2059/2069 |url-status=live |journal=[[Australian Field Ornithology]] |volume=33 |pages=224–226 |doi=10.20938/afo33224226 |issn=1448-0107 |oclc=6891087614 |s2cid=88690000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109104203/https://www.birdlife.org.au/afo/index.php/afo/article/view/2059/2069 |archive-date=2021-11-09 |access-date=2022-02-10 |doi-access=}}</ref>

The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] lists all four species of mountain pigeons as being of [[Least-concern species|least concern]] due to their stable populations and sufficiently large ranges.<ref name="albertsii status 11 November 2021" /><ref name="mada status 11 November 2021" /><ref name="stalkeri status 11 November 2021" /><ref name="solomonensis status 12 November 2021" /> The Papuan mountain pigeon is common on New Guinea, but local populations can vary widely. It is generally uncommon on [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]] and is thought to also be uncommon on Bacan.<ref name=":5Baptista2020b">{{Cite journal |last1=Baptista |first1=Luis F. |last2=Trail |first2=Pepper W. |last3=Horblit |first3=H. M. |last4=Garcia |first4=Ernest |date=2020 |editor-last=Billerman |editor-first=Shawn M. |editor2-last=Keeney |editor2-first=Brooke K. |editor3-last=Rodewald |editor3-first=Paul G. |editor4-last=Schulenberg |editor4-first=Thomas S. |title=Papuan Mountain-Pigeon (''Gymnophaps albertisii'') |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/pampig2/1.0/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |publisher=[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] |doi=10.2173/bow.pampig2.01 |issn=2771-3105 |oclc=8542513017 |s2cid=243173287 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-02-07}}</ref> The pale mountain pigeon is also moderately common throughout its range and is very common on Kolombangara, where it roosts in flocks of hundreds.<ref name=":6Baptista2020c">{{Cite journal |last1=Baptista |first1=Luis F. |last2=Trail |first2=Pepper W. |last3=Horblit |first3=H. M. |last4=Boesman |first4=Peter F. D. |last5=Garcia |first5=Ernest |date=2020 |editor-last=Billerman |editor-first=Shawn M. |editor2-last=Keeney |editor2-first=Brooke K. |editor3-last=Rodewald |editor3-first=Paul G. |editor4-last=Schulenberg |editor4-first=Thomas S. |title=Pale Mountain-Pigeon (''Gymnophaps solomonensis'') |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/pampig1/1.0/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |publisher=[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] |doi=10.2173/bow.pampig1.01 |issn=2771-3105 |oclc=8542493225 |s2cid=243129535 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-02-07}}</ref> The population of the Buru mountain pigeon was estimated at 43,000 in 1989 and is currently thought to be between 20,000 and 50,000.<ref name=":0Baptista2020a">{{Cite journal |last1=Baptista |first1=Luis F. |last2=Trail |first2=Pepper W. |last3=Horblit |first3=H. M. |last4=Kirwan |first4=Guy M. |last5=Garcia |first5=Ernest |date=2020 |editor-last=Billerman |editor-first=Shawn M. |editor2-last=Keeney |editor2-first=Brooke K. |editor3-last=Rodewald |editor3-first=Paul G. |editor4-last=Schulenberg |editor4-first=Thomas S. |title=Buru Mountain-Pigeon (''Gymnophaps mada'') |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/lotmop1/1.0/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |publisher=[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] |doi=10.2173/bow.lotmop1.01 |issn=2771-3105 |oclc=8542513730 |s2cid=242670243 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-02-07}}</ref> The Seram mountain pigeon's population has not been estimated, but it is reportedly commoner on Seram than the Buru mountain pigeon is on Buru.<ref name=":2del Hoyo2020">{{Cite journal |last1=del Hoyo |first1=Josep |last2=Collar |first2=Nigel |last3=Kirwan |first3=Guy M. |last4=Garcia |first4=Ernest |date=2020 |editor-last=Billerman |editor-first=Shawn M. |editor2-last=Keeney |editor2-first=Brooke K. |editor3-last=Rodewald |editor3-first=Paul G. |editor4-last=Schulenberg |editor4-first=Thomas S. |title=Seram Mountain-Pigeon (''Gymnophaps stalkeri'') |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/lotmop2/1.0/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |publisher=[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] |doi=10.2173/bow.lotmop2.01 |issn=2771-3105 |oclc=8542493967 |s2cid=243013984 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-02-07}}</ref>

{{reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q598825}}