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|ref11 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2004/35489.htm|title=Turkey|website=U.S. Department of State|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYSA2uew3CUC&pg=PA308|title=International Religious Freedom (2010): Annual Report to Congress|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781437944396}}</ref>
|region12 = {{flag|Australia}}
|pop12 =
|ref12 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.
|region13 = {{flag|Canada}}
|pop13 = 1,200 <small>(2018 estimate)</small>
|ref13 = <ref>{{cite news |title=For a Yazidi refugee in Canada, the trauma of ISIS triggers rare, terrifying seizures |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-for-a-yazidi-refugee-in-canada-the-trauma-of-isis-triggers-rare/ |access-date=13 January 2019 |date=1 December 2018}}</ref>
|languages = [[Kurmanji|Northern Kurdish]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arakelova |first1=Victoria |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |chapter=Yezidism |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004435544/BP000046.xml
|religions =
|image_size=280px}}
{{Yazidism}}
'''Yazidis''', also spelled '''Yezidis''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Yazidis from Iraq pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|j|ə|ˈ|z|i:|d|i|z}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/yazidi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803130305/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Yazidi|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2017|title=Yazidi |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> {{lang|ku-Latn|Êzidî}}),<ref>{{cite book |first1=Philip G. |last1=Kreyenbroek |author-link1=Philip G. Kreyenbroek |last2=Rashow |first2=Khalīl Jindī |title=God and Sheikh Adi are Perfect: Sacred Poems and Religious Narratives from the Yezidi Tradition |date=2005 |isbn=3-447-05300-3 |page=118|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag }}</ref> are a [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]-speaking<ref name="iranica" /> [[Endogamy|endogamous]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Açikyildiz |first=Birgül |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql4BAwAAQBAJ |title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion |date=2014-12-23 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=9780857720610 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite
There is a disagreement among scholars and in Yazidi circles on whether the Yazidi people are a distinct [[ethnoreligious group]] or a religious sub-group of the [[Kurds]], an [[Iranian peoples|Iranic ethnic group]].<ref name="Mahjidhassan2">{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Majid Hassan |date=15 February 2019 |title=The identity controversy of religious minorities in Iraq: the crystallization of the Yazidi identity after 2003 |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |volume=47 |issue=5 |page=15 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2019.1577129 |s2cid=150358224 | issn=1353-0194 }}</ref><ref name="UNCHR2">{{cite web |title=UNHCR's Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Iraqi Asylum-Seekers |url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/46deb05557.pdf |pages=11, 76}}</ref> [[Yazidism]] is the [[ethnic religion]] of the Yazidi people and is [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] in nature, having roots in a [[Ancient Iranian religion|pre-Zoroastrian Iranic faith]].<ref name=":042">{{Cite book |last=Turgut, Lokman |title=Ancient rites and old religions in Kurdistan |oclc=879288867}}</ref><ref name=":123">{{Cite journal |last=Kaczorowski |first=Karol |date=2014 |title=Yezidism and Proto-Indo-Iranian Religion |url=https://www.academia.edu/6928559 |journal=Fritillaria Kurdica. Bulletin of Kurdish Studies}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Omarkhali |first=Khanna |title=The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths: to the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum? |date=2011 |oclc=999248462}}</ref>{{sfn|Kreyenbroek|1995}}<ref name=":923">{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108623711/type/book |title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds |date=2021-04-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-62371-1 |editor-last=Bozarslan |editor-first=Hamit |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781108623711 |editor-last2=Gunes |editor-first2=Cengiz |editor-last3=Yadirgi |editor-first3=Veli |s2cid=243594800}}</ref>
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The Yazidis' own name for themselves is {{lang|ku-Latn|Êzidî}} or, in some areas, {{lang|ku-Latn|Dasinî}}, although the latter, strictly speaking, is a tribal name. Some western scholars derive the name from the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya]] (Yazid I).<ref name="iryez">{{cite web |title=Encyclopaedia Iranica: Yazidis |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis-i-general-1 |access-date=18 August 2014 |publisher=Iranicaonline.org }}</ref> However, all Yazidis reject any relationship between their name and the caliph.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ceyhan Suvari |first=Çakır |title=Yezidis: An Ethno-Religious Group in Turkey |url=http://www.ethnogeopolitics.org/download/ForumEGPVol4No2articles/ForumEGPVol4No2ÇakırCeyhanSuvariEthnoReligiousGroupinTurkeypp.19-38.pdf |page=32 }}</ref> The word ''Yazidi'' means 'the servant of the creator'.<ref name="Al Arabiya News"/> Other scholars derive it from [[Old Iranian]] {{lang|peo-Latn|yazata}}, [[Middle Persian]] {{lang|pal-Latn|yazad}}, "divine being".<ref>[[Philip G. Kreyenbroek]], "Yazīdī" in ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', ''s.v.''</ref> Another derivation of the word origin relates to {{lang|ku-Latn|Ez dā}} ('Created me'). Yazidis also refer to {{lang|ku-Latn|Xwedê ez dam}} ('God created me') and to {{lang|ku-Latn|Em miletê ezdaîn}} ('We are the Ezdayi nation').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bocheńska |first=Joanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZ0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292 |title=Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket |date=2018-10-26 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-93088-6}}</ref>
Early writers attempted to describe Yazidi origins, broadly speaking, in terms of [[Islam]], or Persian, or sometimes even "[[paganism|pagan]]" religions; however, research published since the 1990s has shown such an approach to be simplistic.<ref name="iranica" />
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==Identity==
[[File:Yazidi Girl tradicional clothes.jpg|thumb|Yazidi women in traditional dress]]
Yazidi cultural practices are observed in [[Kurmanji]], which is also used by almost all the orally transmitted religious traditions of the Yazidis. The Yazidis in the twin villages of [[Bashiqa]] and [[Bahzani]] speak [[Arabic]] as their mother language,<ref name="iranica" /> however, the now Arab-speaking tribes in Bashiqa and Bahzani, including but not limited to Xaltî, Dumilî and Hekarî,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maisel|first=Sebastian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFgIDgAAQBAJ&q=Bashiqa+tribes+Dumili+OR+dimili+OR+dumli+OR+dimli+OR+domli+OR+Hekar%C3%AE+OR+hakari+OR+hakkari+OR+hekkari&pg=PA51|title=Yezidis in Syria: Identity Building among a Double Minority|date=2016-12-24|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7775-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Edmonds|first=C. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rG5ek-jpFAoC&q=ba%27shqia&pg=RA1-PA87|title=A Pilgrimage to Lalish|date=2002-03-21|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-947593-28-5}}</ref> have historically been classified as Kurdish tribes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bozarslan|first1=Hamit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXgnEAAAQBAJ&q=Dumli+tribe&pg=PT729|title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds|last2=Gunes|first2=Cengiz|last3=Yadirgi|first3=Veli|date=2021-04-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-58301-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Joseph|first=John|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004320055/B9789004320055-s003.xml|title=EARLY BEGINNINGS|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-32005-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khachatrian|first=Alexander|date=2003-01-01|title=The Kurdish Principality of Hakkariya* (14Th-15Th Centuries)|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ic/7/1/article-p37_2.xml|journal=Iran and the Caucasus|volume=7|issue=1|pages=37–58|doi=10.1163/157338403X00024|issn=1573-384X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yıldız|first=Erdal|title=Şerefhan Şerefnâme Kürt Tarihi cilt 1|url=https://www.academia.edu/31600400 |website=Academia }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Although almost all Yezidis speak in Kurmanji, their exact origin is a matter of dispute among scholars, even among the community itself as well as among Kurds, whether they are ethnically Kurds or form a distinct ethnic group.<ref name="UNCHR">{{cite web|title=UNHCR's Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Iraqi Asylum-Seekers|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/46deb05557.pdf|pages=11, 76}}</ref> Yazidis only intermarry with other Yazidis; those who marry non-Yazidis are expelled from their community and are not allowed to call themselves Yazidis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Açikyildiz|first=Birgül|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql4BAwAAQBAJ|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|date=2014-12-23|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857720610}}</ref><ref>{{Cite
[[File:Ezidi boy.jpeg|thumb|Yazidi boy in traditional clothes. In Sinjar, male Yazidis used to wear pigtails.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=William|title=An Introduction to Kurdish Rugs and Other Weavings|publisher=Scorpion|year=1988|isbn=978-0-905906-50-8|pages=12|author-link=William L. Eagleton}}</ref>]]
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{{Wikisource|Kitêba Cilwe}}
Yazidism is a [[monotheism|monotheistic]] faith<ref name="Yezidis-Acikyildiz-2014">{{cite book|last1=Açikyildiz|first1=Birgül|title=The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion|date=2014|publisher=I. B. Tauris & Company|isbn=978-1-784-53216-1|location=London|oclc=888467694}}</ref> based on belief in one God, who created the world and entrusted it into the care of a ''Heptad'' of seven [[Holy]] Beings, often known as [[Angel#Yazidism|Angel]]s or ''heft sirr'' (the Seven Mysteries).<ref>Adam Valen Levinson (2017). ''The Abu Dhabi Bar Mitzvah: Fear and Love in the Modern Middle East''. W. W. Norton & Company. {{ISBN|978-0-393-60837-3}}.</ref> Preeminent among these is [[Tawûsî Melek]] (also known as "Melek Taûs"), the Peacock Angel.<ref name="NatGeo-WhoAre-2014">{{cite news|last1=Asher-Schapiro|first1=Avi|date=11 August 2014|title=Who Are the Yazidis, the Ancient, Persecuted Religious Minority Struggling to Survive in Iraq?|work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140809-iraq-yazidis-minority-isil-religion-history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812233717/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140809-iraq-yazidis-minority-isil-religion-history|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph-YazidiDiaspora-2007">{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Sean|date=19 August 2007|title=The Devil worshippers of Iraq|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1560714/The-Devil-worshippers-of-Iraq.html}}</ref> Traditionally, Yazidis who marry non-Yazidis are considered to have converted to the religion of their spouse.<ref name="Yezidis-Acikyildiz-2014" /><ref>{{Cite
==Genetics==
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In 2014, with the territorial gains of the [[Salafist jihadism|Salafist]] militant group calling itself the [[Islamic State]] there was much upheaval in the Iraqi Yazidi population. Islamic State captured [[Sinjar]] in August 2014 following the withdrawal of [[Peshmerga]] troops of [[Masoud Barzani]], forcing up to 50,000 Yazidis to flee into the [[Sinjar Mountains|nearby mountainous region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/iraq/isil-militants-execute-dozens-from-yazidi-minority-1.1367034|title=Isil militants execute dozens from Yazidi minority|work=Gulf News|date=5 August 2014|access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref> In early August, the town of Sinjar was nearly deserted as Kurdish [[Peshmerga]] forces were no longer able to keep ISIL forces from advancing. ISIL had previously declared the Yazidis to be devil worshippers.<ref name=WashPost-Sinjar-2014>{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Loveday|title=Families flee as Islamic State extremists seize another Iraqi town, pushing back the Kurds.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/islamic-state-seize-town-of-sinjar-pushing-out-kurds-and-sending-yazidis-fleeing/2014/08/03/52ab53f1-48de-4ae1-9e1d-e241a15f580e_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Most of the population fleeing Sinjar retreated by trekking up nearby mountains with the ultimate goal of reaching [[Dohuk]] in Iraqi Kurdistan (normally a five-hour drive by car). Concerns for the elderly and those of fragile health were expressed by the refugees, who told reporters of their lack of water. Reports coming from Sinjar stated that sick or elderly Yazidi who could not make the trek were being executed by ISIL. Yazidi parliamentarian Haji Ghandour told reporters that "In our history, we have suffered 72 massacres. We are worried Sinjar could be a 73rd."<ref name=WashPost-Sinjar-2014 />
UN groups say at least 40,000 members of the Yazidi sect, many of them women and children, took refuge in nine locations on [[Mount Sinjar]], a craggy, {{convert|1400|m|ft|abbr=on}} high ridge identified in local legend as the final resting place of [[Noah's Ark]], facing slaughter at the hands of jihadists surrounding them below if they fled, or death by dehydration if they stayed.<ref name=Guardian-40000-Mountain-2014>{{cite news|last1=Chulov|first1=Martin|title=40,000 Iraqis stranded on mountain as Isis jihadists threaten death|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/07/40000-iraqis-stranded-mountain-isis-death-threat|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Between 20,000 and 30,000 Yazidis, most of them women and children, besieged by ISIL, escaped from the mountain after the [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG) and [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) intervened to stop ISIL and opened a humanitarian corridor for them,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/kurds-rescue-yazidis-from-iraq-mountain-201489135227783157.html|title=Kurds rescue Yazidis from Iraqi mountain|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=10 August 2014|access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> helping them cross the [[Tigris]] into [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava]].<ref name=BBCNews-ThousandsTrappedIraq-2014>{{cite news|title=Thousands of Yazidis 'still trapped' on Iraq mountain|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28756544|work=[[BBC News]]|date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Some Yazidis were later escorted back to Iraqi Kurdistan by [[Peshmerga]] and YPG forces, Kurdish officials have said.<ref>{{cite news |title=20,000 Iraqis besieged by ISIL escape from mountain after US air strikes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/10/iraq-yazidi-isis-jihadists-islamic-state-kurds |first=Haroon |last=Siddique |date=10 August 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Syrian Kurdish fighters rescuing stranded Yazidis |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/syrian-kurdish-fighters-rescuing-stranded-yazidis |access-date=29 August 2019 |agency=Associated Press |date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Qasim Shesho's Ezidi Peshmerga at the shrine of Sharaf al-Deen nestled into the Shingal mountains near Sinune village 37.jpg|thumb|right|Yazidi [[Peshmerga]] at the shrine of [[Sheikh Sharaf ad-Din ibn al-Hasan|Sharaf ad-Din]] in the [[Sinjar Mountains]], 2019]]
Captured women were treated as sex slaves or spoils of war; some were driven to suicide. Women and girls who converted to Islam were [[Forced marriage|sold as brides]]; those who refuse to convert were tortured, raped and eventually murdered. Babies born in the prison where the women are held were taken from their mothers to an unknown fate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29333327|title=Islamic State crisis: Yazidi anger at Iraq's forgotten people|work=BBC News|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/is.in.iraq.yazidi.women.raped.murdered.and.sold.as.brides/40114.htm|title=IS in Iraq: Yazidi women raped, murdered and sold as brides – Christian News on Christian Today|date=29 August 2014 |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> [[Nadia Murad]], a Yazidi human rights activist and 2018 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner, was kidnapped and used as a sex slave by the ISIL in 2014.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Alter|first1=Charlotte|title=A Yezidi Woman Who Escaped ISIS Slavery Tells Her Story|url=
==See also==
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