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The directors had long been admirers of [[Hong Kong action cinema]], so they decided to hire the Chinese [[fight choreography|martial arts choreographer]] and film director [[Yuen Woo-ping]] to work on fight scenes. To prepare for the [[wire fu]], the actors had to train hard for several months.<ref name="Influence Screened"/> The Wachowskis first scheduled four months for training, beginning in October 1997.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Mind-Bending Story of How 'The Matrix' Came to Be|language=en-us|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-matrix-legacy-book-excerpt/|access-date=March 15, 2021|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=March 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302053828/https://www.wired.com/story/the-matrix-legacy-book-excerpt/|url-status=live}}</ref> Yuen was optimistic but then began to worry when he realized how unfit the actors were.<ref name="Training"/>
Yuen let their body style develop and then worked with each actor's strength. He built on Reeves's diligence, Fishburne's resilience, Weaving's precision and Moss's feminine grace.<ref name="Training"/> Yuen designed Moss's moves to suit her deftness and lightness.<ref name="Trinity">{{Cite AV media |title=[[The Matrix Revisited]] |date=November 20, 2001 |last=Oreck, Josh (Director); Wachowski, Larry; Matthies, Eric (Producers) |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Pictures]] |place=United States |section=Trinity |medium=DVD}}</ref> Prior to the pre-production, Reeves underwent a two-level fusion of his cervical (neck) spine due to spinal cord compression from a herniated disc ("I was falling over in the shower in the morning").<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Heath |first=Chris |date=August 31, 2000 |title=The Quiet Man: The Riddle of Keanu Reeves |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> He was still recovering by the time of pre-production, but he insisted on training, so Yuen let him practice punches and lighter moves. Reeves trained hard and even requested training on days off. However, the surgery still made him unable to kick for two out of four months of training. As a result, Reeves did not kick much in the film.<ref name="Training"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sploid.gizmodo.com/keanu-reeves-couldnt-kick-in-the-matrix-and-six-other-1681941448|title=Keanu Reeves couldn't kick in The Matrix--and six other factoids|work=Sploid |date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212175210/https://sploid.gizmodo.com/keanu-reeves-couldnt-kick-in-the-matrix-and-six-other-1681941448 |archive-date=February 12, 2017 |last1=Chan |first1=Casey }}</ref> Weaving had to undergo [[Hip replacement|hip surgery]] after he sustained an injury during the training process.<ref name="Influence Screened"/>
=== Filming ===
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=== Film and television ===
The pods in which the machines keep humans have been compared to images in ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'', and the work of [[M. C. Escher]].<ref name="Luddism">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Steven Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwPP4pGRAwgC |title=Against Technology. From the Luddites to Neo-Luddism |publisher=CRC Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-97868-2 |page=131 |chapter=Simulacra in ''the Matrix'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwPP4pGRAwgC&q=%22The+Matrix%22+Metropolis+%22M.+C.+Escher%22&pg=PA131}}</ref> A resemblance to the eerie worlds of Swiss artist [[H.R. Giger]] was also recognized.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|title=We Are All Living in H.R. Giger's Nightmare|last=Calia|first=Michael|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/05/13/we-are-all-living-in-h-r-gigers-cinematic-nightmare/|access-date=December 23, 2021|archive-date=September 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911072442/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/05/13/we-are-all-living-in-h-r-gigers-cinematic-nightmare/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The Pop Mythologist |title=Of sex, death and biomachinery: H. R. Giger's legacy in pop culture |date=May 14, 2014 |url=https://www.popmythology.com/of-sex-death-and-biomachinery-h-r-gigers-legacy-in-pop-culture/ |access-date=December 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223213333/https://www.popmythology.com/of-sex-death-and-biomachinery-h-r-gigers-legacy-in-pop-culture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The pods can be seen in ''[[Welcome to Paradox]]'' Episode 4 "News from D Street" from a 1986 short story<ref>{{cite web |title=Title: The News from D Street |url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?42568 |access-date=July 14, 2019 |website=isfdb.org |archive-date=December 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220123257/http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?42568 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the same name by [[Andrew Weiner (writer)|Andrew Weiner]] which aired on September 7, 1998, on the [[Syfy (TV channel)|SYFY Channel]] and has a remarkably similar concept. In this episode the hero is unaware he is living in virtual reality until he is told so by "the code man" who created the simulation and enters it knowingly. The Wachowskis have described [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' as a formative cinematic influence, and as a major inspiration on the visual style they aimed for when making ''The Matrix''.<ref name="ebert-wachowskis">{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=The Wachowskis: From "2001" to "The Godfather" to "The Matrix"|date=October 2, 2008|website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |publisher=Ebert Digital LLC|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-wachowskis-from-2001-to-the-godfather-to-the-matrix |access-date=September 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306111600/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-wachowskis-from-2001-to-the-godfather-to-the-matrix|archive-date=March 6, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hemon |first=Aleksandar |title=Beyond the Matrix |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/09/10/120910fa_fact_hemon |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=September 3, 2012 |access-date=September 4, 2012 |archive-date=July 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707153526/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/09/10/120910fa_fact_hemon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kubrick">{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert |date=September 9, 2012 |title=Toronto #3: "Cloud Atlas" and a new silent film |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]|publisher=Ebert Digital LLC|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/toronto-3-cloud-atlas-and-a-new-silent-film |url-status=live |access-date=September 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125214746/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/toronto-3-cloud-atlas-and-a-new-silent-film |archive-date=January 25, 2021 }}</ref> [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]]s German TV Miniseries ''[[World on a Wire]]'' from 1973, an adaption of the novel [[Simulacron-3]], served as inspirational source for some details of The Matrix, such as the transfer between the real world and the Matrix-simulation via telephone / phonebooth.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} Reviewers have also commented on similarities between ''The Matrix'' and other late-1990s films such as ''[[Strange Days (film)|Strange Days]]'', ''[[Dark City (1998 film)|Dark City]]'' and ''[[The Truman Show]]''.<ref name="rogerebert">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=March 31, 1999 |title=The Matrix |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-matrix-1999 |access-date=September 17, 2012 |website=RogerEbert.com |quote="The Matrix" recycles the premises of "Dark City" and "Strange Days,"... |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816064423/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-matrix-1999 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 17, 2015 |title=''Dark City vs The Matrix'' |url=http://www.retrojunk.com/article/show/214/dark-city-vs-the-matrix |access-date=September 18, 2015 |publisher=RetroJunk |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925092434/http://www.retrojunk.com/article/show/214/dark-city-vs-the-matrix |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tyridal |first=Simon |date=January 28, 2005 |title=''Matrix City: A Photographic Comparison of The Matrix and Dark City'' |url=http://www.electrolund.com/2004/10/matrix-city-a-photographic-comparison-of-the-matrix-and-dark-city/ |access-date=September 18, 2015 |publisher=ElectroLund |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103041/http://www.electrolund.com/2004/10/matrix-city-a-photographic-comparison-of-the-matrix-and-dark-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="channel4review">{{cite web |title=The Matrix (1999) – Film Review from FilmFour |url=http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/film.jsp?id=105863 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525142638/http://www.film4.com/reviews/1999/the-matrix |archive-date=May 25, 2010 |access-date=September 17, 2012 |website=[[Film4]] |publisher=[[Channel Four Television Corporation]] |quote=The film is a perfect product of its time. It is a very modern conspiracy thriller, a film based, like The Truman Show, on the appealingly terrifying notion of a universal conspiracy – that life itself and everything that we know and take for granted are lies. It's also a film steeped in the traditionals of Japanese anime and megamixed philosophy and semiotics (spot the Baudrillard references kids).}}</ref><ref name="rowley review">{{cite web |last=Rowley, Stephen |date=June 18, 2003 |title=What Was the Matrix? |url=http://www.sterow.com/?p=229 |access-date=January 9, 2012 |website=sterow.com |quote=The Matrix was the third in a cycle of movies to arrive in the late nineties with a strikingly similar theme. Like its predecessors from the previous year, Dark City and The Truman Show, it tells the story of a seemingly ordinary man who suddenly finds that his whole life is faked: he is trapped in an artificially created environment designed to keep him in submission. Like the heroes of those earlier movies, Keanu Reeves' Neo starts to realise that he is somehow special, and tries to escape the confines of his prison. |archive-date=January 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120004250/http://www.sterow.com/?p=229 |url-status=live }}</ref> The similarity of the film's central concept to a device in the long-running series ''[[Doctor Who]]'' has also been noted. As in the film, the [[Matrix (Doctor Who)|Matrix]] of that series (introduced in the 1976 serial ''[[The Deadly Assassin]]'') is a massive computer system which one enters using a device connecting to the head, allowing users to see representations of the real world and change its laws of physics; but if killed there, they will die in reality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Condon |first=Paul |title=The Matrix Unlocked |date=July 26, 2003 |publisher=Contender Books |isbn=978-1-84357-093-6 |pages=141–3}}</ref> The action scenes of ''The Matrix'' were also strongly influenced by live-action films such as those of director [[John Woo]].<ref name="Wired PK Dick"/> The martial arts sequences were inspired by ''[[Fist of Legend]]'', a critically acclaimed 1995 martial arts film starring [[Jet Li]]. The fight scenes in ''Fist of Legend'' led to the hiring of Yuen as fight choreographer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fist of Legend |work=Bear Warrior International Martial Arts Training |url=http://www.bigbearacademy.com/fist-of-legend.html |access-date=December 13, 2012 |publisher=Bigbearacademy.com |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150626/https://www.bigbearacademy.com/fist-of-legend.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Colman |first=Dan |date=October 7, 2011 |title=The Matrix: What Went Into The Mix |url=http://www.openculture.com/2011/10/the_matrix_what_went_into_the_mix.html |access-date=December 13, 2012 |publisher=Open Culture |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218213249/http://www.openculture.com/2011/10/the_matrix_what_went_into_the_mix.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Wachowskis' approach to action scenes drew upon their admiration for [[anime|Japanese animation]] such as ''[[Ninja Scroll]]'' and ''[[Akira (1988 film)|Akira]]''.<ref name="Wachowski transcript">{{cite web |date=November 6, 1999 |title=Matrix Virtual Theatre |url=http://www.warnervideo.com/matrixevents/wachowski.html |access-date=November 29, 2012 |website=Warnervideo.com |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Pictures]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006041445/http://www.warnervideo.com/matrixevents/wachowski.html|archive-date=October 6, 2012|url-status=dead|at=Interview with the Wachowski Brothers |quote=We liked Ghost in the Shell and the Ninja Scroll and Akira in anime. One thing that they do that we tried to bring to our film was a juxtaposition of time and space in action beats.}}</ref> Director [[Mamoru Oshii]]'s 1995 animated film ''[[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' was a particularly strong influence;<ref name="Wachowski transcript"/> producer [[Joel Silver]] has stated that the Wachowskis first described their intentions for ''The Matrix'' by showing him that anime and saying, "We wanna do that for real".<ref name="silver-anime-1">{{Cite AV media |title=The Animatrix |date=June 3, 2003 |last=Jones Andrew; Morimoto, Kôji; Maeda, Mahiro; Chung, Peter; Watanabe, Shinichirô |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Pictures]] |place=United States |at=Scrolls to Screen: A Brief History of Anime featurette |medium=DVD}}</ref><ref name="silver-anime-2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0133093/ |title=The Matrix |date=September 21, 1999 |last=Wachowski, Larry (Director); Wachowski, Andy (Director) |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Pictures]] |place=United States |at=Making The Matrix featurette |medium=DVD |access-date=July 21, 2018 |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604170709/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0133093/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mitsuhisa Ishikawa]] of [[Production I.G]], which produced ''Ghost in the Shell'', noted that the anime's high-quality visuals were a strong source of inspiration for the Wachowskis. He also commented, "...{{nbsp}}cyberpunk films are very difficult to describe to a third person. I'd imagine that ''The Matrix'' is the kind of film that was very difficult to draw up a written proposal for to take to film studios". He stated that since ''Ghost in the Shell'' had gained recognition in America, the Wachowskis used it as a "promotional tool".<ref name="south bank show">{{Cite episode |title=Manga Mania |series=[[The South Bank Show]] |network=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] |airdate=February 19, 2006}}</ref>
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