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| death_place = [[Davis, California]], US
| fields = [[Evolutionary biology]], [[genetics]]
| workplaces = [[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv|University of Kiev]] <small>(
| alma_mater = [[Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv|University of Kiev]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Yuri Filipchenko]]
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* [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1959)<ref>{{cite web|title=Theodosius Dobzhansky|website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/theodosius-dobzhansky/}}</ref>
* [[National Medal of Science]] (1964)
<!--* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (1965)<ref name=formemrs/>-->
* [[Franklin Medal]] (1973)}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Natalia Sivertzeva|1924}}
|children= [[Sophie Coe]]
}}
'''Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky''' ({{
His 1937 work ''[[Genetics and the Origin of Species]]'' became a major influence on the modern synthesis. He was awarded the U.S. [[National Medal of Science]] in 1964<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=107|title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details - NSF - National Science Foundation|website=Nsf.gov|access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> and the [[Franklin Medal]] in 1973.
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Dobzhansky was born on January 25, 1900,<ref name="Theodosius Dobzhansky 1900-1975"/> in [[Nemyriv|Nemirov]], [[Russian Empire]] (now Nemyriv, [[Ukraine]]), the only child of Grigory Dobzhansky, a mathematics teacher, and Sophia Voinarsky.<ref name=formemrs/>{{rp| 59}} He was given an unusual name, [[Theodosius]], because he was born after his middle-aged parents prayed for a child to St. [[:ru:Феодосий Черниговский|Theodosius of Chernigov]]. In 1910 the family moved to [[Kyiv|Kiev]].
At high school, Dobzhansky collected butterflies and decided to become a biologist.<ref name=Ayala/>{{rp|163}} In 1915, he met Victor Luchnik who convinced him to specialize in [[beetles]] instead. Dobzhansky attended the [[Kyiv University|University of Kiev]], where he then studied until 1924 specializing in entomology.<ref name=":Vucinich">{{Cite journal|last=Vucinich|first=Alexander|date=1995|title=Review of The Evolution of Theodosius Dobzhansky: Essays on His Life and Thought in Russia and America|journal=Slavic Review|volume=54|issue=3|pages=778–779|doi=10.2307/2501792|jstor=2501792|s2cid=165064587 }}</ref> He then moved to Leningrad (today [[Saint Petersburg
On August 8, 1924, Dobzhansky married geneticist Natalia "Natasha" Sivertzeva, who was working with [[Ivan Schmalhausen]] in Kiev. The Dobzhanskys had one daughter, known under her married name as [[Sophie Coe]], an anthropologist, food historian, and author, primarily known for her work on the [[history of chocolate]].
Before
===America===
Dobzhansky immigrated to the United States in 1927 on a
He followed Morgan to the [[California Institute of Technology]] from 1930 to 1940. On the basis of his experiments, he articulated the idea that [[reproductive isolation]] can be caused by differences in presence of microbial symbionts between populations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |first2=Dorion |last2=Sagan |title=Acquiring genomes : a theory of the origins of species |date=2002 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-465-04392-5 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DS-VehE00ncC&pg=PA94 |page=94}}</ref> In 1937, he published one of the major works of the [[Extended evolutionary synthesis|modern evolutionary synthesis]], the synthesis of [[evolutionary biology]] with [[genetics]], titled ''[[Genetics and the Origin of Species]]'', which amongst other things, defined [[evolution]] as "a change in the [[frequency of an allele]] within a [[gene pool]]". Dobzhansky's work was instrumental in spreading the idea that it is through mutations in genes that [[natural selection]] takes place. Also in 1937, he became a [[naturalized citizen]] of the United States. During this time, he had a very public falling out with one of his ''Drosophila'' collaborators, [[Alfred Sturtevant]], based primarily in professional competition.
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Dobzhansky was renowned as the president of the [[Genetics Society of America]] in 1941, president of the [[American Society of Naturalists]] in 1950, president of the [[Society for the Study of Evolution]] in 1951, president of the [[American Society of Zoologists]] in 1963, a member of the board of directors of the [[American Eugenics Society]] in 1964, and president of the American [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin|Teilhard de Chardin]] Association in 1969.<ref name=":Vucinich" /><ref name=":2" />
Dobzhansky's research and studies allowed him to travel the world and receive honorary degrees in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, England, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Sweden.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1977|title=Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=111|issue=977|pages=1–2|jstor=2459974|doi=10.1086/283133|bibcode=1977ANat..111....1. |s2cid=36378854}}</ref>
=== ''Genetics and the Origin of Species'' ===
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The first edition of ''Genetics and the Origin of Species'' (1937) highlighted the most recent discoveries in genetics and how they applied to the concept of evolution.<ref name=":3" /> The book starts by addressing the problem of evolution and how modern discoveries in genetics could help find a solution. The book covers the chromosomal basis of [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendelian Inheritance]], how the effects from changes in chromosomes greater than gene mutations are common and acceptable, and how mutations form racial and specific differences.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Zirkle|first=Conway|date=1939|title=Review of Genetics and the Origin of Species|journal=Isis|volume=30|issue=1|pages=128–131|jstor=225596|doi=10.1086/347504}}</ref> Dobzhansky explained how three levels could describe the processes of evolutionary population genetics: (1) the origin of raw materials by mutations of genes and chromosomes, (2) the changes in populations by changes in frequencies and combinations of mutations, (3) the fixation of changes by reproductive isolation.<ref name=":4" /> To support his writing and research, the bibliography was twenty-eight pages long with around six hundred sources.<ref name=":5" />
In Dobzhansky's second edition of ''Genetics and the Origin of Species'' (1941), four years had gone by and he was able to add more research and advancements made in genetics. Around half of the new research he found was added to the last two chapters in his book: Patterns of Evolution, and Species as Natural Units. In the second to last chapter, Patterns of Evolution, Dobzhansky explained how on the path to a new adaptation, a method could be used to where a species could go through a less adaptive stage. The last chapter, Species as Natural Units, Dobzhansky explained some of the contributions made in genetics to what was called "the new systematics
In the third revision of ''Genetics and the Origin of Species'' (1951), Dobzhansky rewrote all ten chapters on: Isolating Mechanisms, Mutation in Populations, Organic Diversity, Heredity and Mutation, Race Formation, Selection, Adaptive Polymorphism, Hybrid Sterility, Species as Natural Units, and Patterns of Evolution. Dobzhansky decided to remove the chapter on Polyploidy in the third edition.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andrews|first=Ted F.|date=1952|title=Review of Genetics and the Origin of Species|journal=The American Biology Teacher|volume=14|issue=7|pages=196|doi=10.2307/4438411|jstor=4438411}}</ref> The new chapter on Adaptive Polymorphism highlighted Dobzhansky's research since the second edition. He included precise, quantitative evidence on effective [[natural selection]] in laboratory and free populations.<ref name=":4" />
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Dobzhansky's wife Natasha died of [[coronary thrombosis]] on February 22, 1969.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ayala|first1=Francisco Jos_|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9DUWFaM-kMC&q=Dobzhansky%27s+wife+Natasha+died+of+coronary+thrombosis+on+February+22%2C+1969.&pg=PT13|title=Genetics and the Origin of Species: From Darwin to Molecular Biology, 60 Years After Dobzhansky|last2=Fitch|first2=Walter M.|date=1997-01-01|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-05877-3|language=en}}</ref> Earlier (on June 1, 1968), Theodosius had been diagnosed with [[lymphocytic leukemia]] (a chronic form of leukemia), and had been given a few months to a few years to live. He retired in 1971, moving to the [[University of California, Davis]] where his student [[Francisco J. Ayala]] had been made assistant professor, and where he continued working as an emeritus professor. He published one of his most famous essays "[[Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution]]" in 1973, influenced by the paleontologist and priest [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]].
By 1975, his leukemia had become more severe, and on November 11 he traveled to [[San Jacinto,
===Evolution and God===
Theodosius Dobzhansky believed that [[God]] and [[science]] can be reconciled through the idea that the [[Theistic evolution|Creator brought about his plan through the processes of evolution]]. He described his beliefs as "Evolution is God's, or Nature's, method of Creation."<ref name="Kutschera">{{cite journal |last1=Kutschera |first1=U. |title=Dogma, not faith, is the barrier to scientific enquiry |journal=Nature |date=September 2006 |volume=443 |issue=7107 |pages=26 |doi=10.1038/443026b |pmid=16957709 |bibcode=2006Natur.443...26K |s2cid=134799 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shermer | first1 = M. | last2 = Sulloway | first2 = F.J. | year = 2000 | title = The grand old man of evolution | journal = [[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic]] | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 76–82 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book
| publisher = Free Press
| isbn = 978-0-7432-8639-8
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* Dobzhansky, Th. 1937. ''[[Genetics and the Origin of Species]]''. Columbia University Press, New York. (2nd ed., 1941; 3rd ed., 1951)
* ''The Biological Basis of Human Freedom'' (1954).
* Dunn, L. C., & Dobzhansky, Th. 1946.
* Dobzhansky, Th. 1955. ''Evolution, Genetics, & Man''. Wiley & Sons, New York.
* {{cite book |author= Dobzhansky, Th. |year= 1962
* Dobzhansky, Th. 1966. ''Heredity and the Nature of Man''. Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., New York, New York.
* Dobzhansky, Th. 1967. ''The Biology of Ultimate Concern''. New American Library, New York.
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* Dobzhansky, Th., F.J. Ayala, G.L. Stebbins & J.W. Valentine. 1977. ''Evolution''. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
* Dobzhansky, Th. 1981. ''Dobzhansky's Genetics of Natural Populations I-XLIII''. R.C. Lewontin, J.A. Moore, W.B. Provine & B. Wallace, eds. Columbia University Press, New York. (reprints the 43 papers in this series, all but two of which were authored or co-authored by Dobzhansky)
* {{cite book |author= Dobzhansky, Th., & Boesiger, E. |year= 1983
===Papers===
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* [http://amphilsoc.org/mole/view?docId=ead/Mss.B.D65-ead.xml The Theodosius Dobzhansky Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807180649/http://www.amphilsoc.org/mole/view?docId=ead%2FMss.B.D65-ead.xml |date=2011-08-07 }} [[American Philosophical Society]]
*[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/dobzhansky-theodosius.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname= Theodosius Dobzhansky}}
*{{Librivox author |id=16807}}
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[[Category:Critics of creationism]]
[[Category:Critics of Lamarckism]]
[[Category:Foreign
[[Category:Rockefeller University faculty]]
[[Category:Theistic evolutionists]]
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[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:20th-century American zoologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of Franklin Medal]]
[[Category:Presidents of the American Society of Naturalists]]
[[Category:Writers about religion and science]]
[[Category:American critics of atheism]]
[[Category:Science activists]]
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