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| work_institutions = [[Colegio de los Jesuitas]]<br>in [[Oropesa, Spain]],<br>[[St. Paul's College, Macau]]
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'''Ivan Vreman'''
==Biography==
===Early years===
Vreman was born on 6 June 1583 in [[Split, Croatia]],<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Znameniti isusovci u Splitu - Famous Jesuits in Split |url=https://www.isusovci-split.hr/znameniti-isusovci-u-splitu/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=isusovci-split.hr | publisher = Croatian Province of the Society of Jesus |language=hr}}</ref> at that time under [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] rule. There is very little information about his early life, but he most likely attended one of the schools in Split, as that town, like other major towns on the Croatian coast, had organized education for the younger generation. Thus, Vreman received a quality initial education that helped him to be sent to [[Rome]] in 1600 to the [[novitiate]] of the [[Society of Jesus]]. In 1602 he began his studies at the [[Collegium Romanum]]. He studied [[natural philosophy]], mathematics and astronomy. In 1607 he completed his studies in philosophy and became involved in scientific work, beginning to conduct astronomical researches. He was especially interested in studying of [[lunar eclipse]], which occupied him all the time during his life. His astronomical observations are preserved in letters he exchanged with his professors and other prominent scholars. From 1607 to 1609 he studied [[theology]].
Since the [[telescope]] was not yet available, Vreman made his observations without it, but therefore carried out them by devising special observational and [[methodical]] procedures. He made a detailed description of the lunar eclipse, as evidenced, for instance, by a letter he sent on 31 January 1609 to the Italian astronomer, cartographer and mathematician [[Giovanni Antonio Magini|Magini]],{{sfn|Borić|2021|p=502}} in which he enclosed a description of his observations.
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In 1615 he set out on a voyage to Jesuit mission in [[Goa]], India, where he stayed for nine months.{{sfn|Borić|2021|p=505}} After that, he continued his voyage to another Jesuit mission, which was situated in the Portuguese colony of [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]]. That colony was an important location on the southern borders of China, because it was open to travellers, unlike China itself, where access was very difficult. Vreman stayed in Macau from 1616 for the next couple of years doing scientific work. There he also taught mathematics, studied Chinese astronomy and translated works of missionaries residing in [[History of Japan|Japan]].
[[File:大三巴上的耶穌會會徽.jpg|thumb|240px|Jesuit symbol on the [[Ruins of Saint Paul's|Saint Paul's Cathedral]] in [[Macau]], where Vreman lived and worked from 1616 to 1619]]
It is known about his work and activities that he studied [[Euclid]]'s work "Elements", which was written in the [[4th century BC]] with the aim of laying foundations for the construction of [[geometry]]. Besides, Vreman's special interest was astronomy, where he needed mathematical knowledge in theoretical and practical work and the Euclidean methodology for conducting astronomical proofs. Mathematics is always present in Vreman's work in the field of astronomy and [[cartography]]. While researched, he used to solve an astronomical problems with planned observations. Then he applied mathematics in the [[analysis]] of his results.
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In 1619 Vreman managed to [[Secrecy|secretly]] enter inland China. He continued to teach mathematics and to study Chinese astronomy, wishing to expand his knowledge about it, compare it with European astronomy and contribute to the [[Knowledge transfer|transfer of knowledge]] from one [[tradition]] to another. At that time, he translated into [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Latin Language|Latin]] the reports of Portuguese missionaries in Catholic missions in Japan. His translations echoed in Europe and aroused such great interest that they were [[reprint]]ed several times in three other European languages.
In China he lived and worked in difficult conditions, like many other missionaries in the Far East, fell ill, gradually became very exhausted and [[Underweight|skinny]], and finally died on 22 April 1620 in [[Nanchang]], at the age of thirty six. He was buried in [[Nanjing]], 500 kilometers away, where there was a [[cemetery]] where deceased [[priest]]s had already been buried.
==See also==
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==Sources==
* {{cite journal | last = Borić | first = Marijana | journal = Renewed Life: Journal of Philosophy and Religious Studies | volume = 76 | number = 4 | year = 2021 | publisher = Institute of Philosophy and Theology of Society of Jesus | location = Zagreb, Croatia | issn = 1849-0182 | title = Ivan Ureman — posrednik između kineske i europske znanstvene tradicije | pages = 499–512 | doi = 10.31337/oz.76.4.5 | trans-title = Ivan Ureman — a Mediator between Chinese and European Scientific Tradition | url = https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/383809 | access-date = 2024-12-17 | via = [[Hrčak]] | language = hr }}
* {{cite book | last = Ruiz de Medina | first = Juan | orig-year = 1990 | chapter = Ivan Vreman, Split 1583 - Nanchang 1620, a Croat among the Jesuit missionaries of Japan and China | chapter-url = https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/chinese-studies/english/cct/database/index.php/Detail/objects/5636 |access-date=2024-12-17 | via =arts.kuleuven |language=en | title = Jesuits among the Croats: Proceedings of the international symposium 'Jesuits in the religious, scientific and cultural life among the Croats' (Zagreb, October 8-11, 1990) | publisher = Institute of Philosophy and Theology - Croatian Historical Institute | location = Zagreb | year = 2000 | editor-last = Pozaić | editor-first = Valentin }}
* {{cite journal | last=Peng |first=Yuchao | orig-date=2022-04-14 |title=The First Croatian to Arrive in China, Jesuit Ivan Vreman (1583–1620) |url=https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/metadata/1336040971/ |access-date=2024-12-17 | via = digital.zlb |language=en | journal = Chinese Journal of Slavic Studies | issn = 2747-7487 | year = 2024 | volume = 4 | issue = 1 |pages=138–151 | publisher = de Gruyter | location = Berlin |doi=10.1515/cjss-2024-0007 }}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Croatia|Physics|Mathematics|Religion|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space|Solar System|Science}}
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[[Category:Jesuit missionaries in China]]
[[Category:Jesuit scientists]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Croatian Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:1583 births]]
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