Fishing: Difference between revisions

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'''Fishing''' is the activity of trying to catch [[fish]]., Fishwhich are often caught as [[wildlife]] from the [[natural environment]] ([[freshfreshwater waterecosystem|freshwater]] or [[Marinemarine ecosystem|marine]]), but may also be caught from [[fish stocking|stocked]] [[bodies of water]] such as [[fish pond|ponds]], [[canal]]s, [[park]] [[wetland]]s and [[reservoir]]s. [[Fishing techniques]] include [[trawling]], [[Longline fishing|longlining]], [[jigging]], [[gathering seafood by hand|hand-gathering]], [[spearfishing|spearing]], [[fish net|netting]], [[angling]], [[bowfishing|shooting]] and [[fish trap|trapping]], as well as [[destructive fishing practices|more destructive]] and often [[illegal fishing|illegal]] techniques such as [[electrofishing|electrocution]], [[blast fishing|blasting]] and [[cyanide fishing|poisoning]].

Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back to at least the beginning of the Upper [[Paleolithic]] period about 40,000 years ago.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117013632/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1108_bonetool_2.html African Bone Tools Dispute Key Idea About Human Evolution] National Geographic News article. (archived 17 January 2006)</ref> [[Isotope analysis|Isotopic analysis]] of the remains of [[Tianyuan man]], a 40,000-year-old modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yaowu Hu | first1 = Y | last2 = Hong Shang | first2 = H | last3 = Haowen Tong | first3 = H | last4 = Olaf Nehlich | first4 = O | last5 = Wu Liu | first5 = W | last6 = Zhao | first6 = C | last7 = Yu | first7 = J | last8 = Wang | first8 = C | last9 = Trinkaus | first9 = E | last10 = Richards | first10 = M | year = 2009 | title = Stable isotope dietary analysis of the Tianyuan 1 early modern human | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 27 | pages = 10971–74 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0904826106 | pmid = 19581579 | pmc = 2706269| bibcode = 2009PNAS..10610971H | doi-access = free | issn=0027-8424 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news166120605.html First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern humans in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715083054/http://www.physorg.com/news166120605.html |date=15 July 2011 }} ''[[PhysOrg.com]]'', 6 July 2009.</ref> [[Archaeological|Archaeology]] features such as [[midden|shell middens]],<ref>[http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/middens/index.htm Coastal Shell Middens and Agricultural Origins in Atlantic Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226160847/http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/middens/index.htm |date=26 December 2009 }}.</ref> discarded fish bones, and [[cave painting]]s show that [[seafood]] was important for survival and consumed in significant quantities. Fishing in Africa is evident very early on in human history. [[Neanderthal]]s were fishing by about 200,000 BC.<ref name="quatr.us">{{cite web|url=https://quatr.us/africa/history-fishing-fishing-nets-shellfish-boats.htm|title=History of fishing – fishing nets, shellfish, boats|website=quatr.us Study Guides|language=en-US|access-date=2 May 2018|date=12 June 2017|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041721/https://quatr.us/africa/history-fishing-fishing-nets-shellfish-boats.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> People could have developed basketry for fish traps, using spinning and early forms of [[knitting]] to make fishing nets<ref name="quatr.us"/> able to catch more fish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alfaro Giner |first=Carmen |date=2010 |title=Fishing nets in the ancient world: the historical and archaeological evidence |url=https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/4649252 |journal=Ancient nets and fishing gear: Proceedings of the international workshop on Nets and fishing gear in classical antiquity: A first approach: Cádiz, November 15–17, 2007. - ( Monographs of the Sagena project; 2) |language=en |pages=55–81}}</ref> Fire in the hole

In 1931, the first powered drum was created by Laurie Jarelainen. The drum was a circular device that was set to the side of the boat and would draw in the nets. Since [[World War II]], [[radio navigation aid]]s and [[Fishfinder|fish finders]] have been widely used. The first trawlers fished over the side, rather than over the [[stern]]. The first purpose-built stern trawler was ''Fairtry'' built in 1953 at [[Aberdeen]], Scotland. The ship was much larger than any other trawlers then in operation and inaugurated the era of the 'super trawler'. As the ship pulled its nets over the stern, it could lift out a much greater haul of up to 60 tons.<ref name="hulltrawler">{{cite web|title=HISTORY|url=http://www.hulltrawler.net/Stern/additions/History.htm|url-status=deadusurped|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821172332/http://www.hulltrawler.net/Stern/additions/History.htm}}</ref> The ship served as a basis for the expansion of 'super trawlers' around the world in the following decades.<ref name="hulltrawler"/>

The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the [[FAO]] as including [[recreational fishing|recreational]], [[Artisan fishing|subsistence]] and [[commercial fishing]], and the harvesting, [[Fish processing|processing]], and [[Fish marketing|marketing]] sectors.<ref>FAO Fisheries Section: Glossary: [http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp ''Fishing industry.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708081658/http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp |date=8 July 2007 }} Retrieved 28 May 2008.</ref> The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other [[seafood products]] for human consumption or use as [[raw material]] in other industrial processes. In 2022 24% of fishers and fish farmers and 62% of workers in post-harvest sector were women.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 |date=2024-06-07 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-138763-4 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cd0683en}}</ref>

Commercial fishing is the capture of fish for commercial purposes. Those who practice it must often pursue fish far from the land under adverse conditions. Commercial fishermen harvest almosta allwide range of aquatic species, from [[tuna]], [[cod]] and [[salmon]] to [[shrimp]], [[krill]], [[lobster]], [[clam]]s, [[squid]] and [[crab]], in various [[fishery|fisheries]] for these species. Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and sea-going processing factories. [[Individual fishing quota]]s and international treaties seek to control the species and quantities caught.

A commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one manperson with a small boat with hand-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge fleet of [[Fishing trawler|trawlers]] processing tons of fish every day.

Fisheries management draws on [[fisheries science]] to find ways to protect [[fishery]] resources so sustainable exploitation is possible. Modern fisheries management is often referred to as a governmental system of (hopefully appropriate) management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management means to implement the rules, which are put in place by a system of [[monitoring control and surveillance]].

[[Fisheries science]] is the academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries. It is a multidisciplinary science, which draws on the disciplines of [[oceanography]], [[marine biology]], [[marine conservation]], [[ecology]], [[Population dynamics of fisheries|population dynamics]], [[economics]] and management in an attempt to provide an integrated picture of fisheries. In some cases new disciplines have emerged, such as [[bioeconomics (biology)|bioeconomics]].

Stocks fished within biologically sustainable levels decreased from 90% in 1974 to 62.3% in 2021.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 |date=2024-06-07 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-138763-4 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cd0683en}}</ref> Issues involved in the long term sustainability of fishing include [[overfishing]], [[by-catch]], [[marine pollution]], [[environmental effects of fishing]], [[Ghost net|ghost fishing]], [[Fisheries and climate change|climate change]], [[fisheries-induced evolution]] and [[fish farming]].