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'''Fishing''' is the activity of trying to catch [[fish]]
The term fishing broadly includes catching [[aquatic animal]]s other than fish, such as [[crustacean]]s ([[shrimp]]/[[lobster]]s/[[crab]]s), [[shellfish]], [[cephalopod]]s ([[octopus]]/[[squid]]) and [[echinoderm]]s ([[starfish]]/[[sea urchin]]s). The term is not normally applied to harvesting fish raised in [[aquaculture|controlled cultivations]] ([[fish farm]]ing). Nor is it normally applied to hunting [[aquatic mammal]]s, where terms like [[whaling]] and [[seal hunting|sealing]] are used instead.
Fishing has been an important part of [[human culture]] since [[hunter-gatherer]] times. It is one of the few [[food production]] activities that has persisted from [[prehistory]] into the [[contemporary history|modern age]], surviving both the [[Neolithic Revolution]] and [[technological revolution#History|successive Industrial Revolution]]s. In addition to
According to the [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] statistics, the total number of [[commercial fishing|commercial fishers]] and [[fish farming|fish farmers]] is estimated to be 39.0 million.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=FAO |date=2020 |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action |url=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en |journal=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture |publisher=FAO |publication-place=Rome |publication-date=2020 |pages=7|doi=10.4060/ca9229en |hdl=10535/3776 |isbn=978-92-5-132692-3 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Fishing industry|Fishing industries]] and [[aquaculture]] provide direct and indirect [[employment]] to over 500 million people in [[developing countries]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/brochure/climate_change/policy_brief.pdf Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023120015/http://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/brochure/climate_change/policy_brief.pdf |date=23 October 2018 }} Policy brief of the [[FAO]] for the [[UNFCCC]] [[United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009|COP-15]] in Copenhagen, December 2009.</ref> In 2005, the worldwide ''per capita'' consumption of fish captured from [[wild fisheries]] was {{convert|14.4|kg}}, with an additional {{convert|7.4|kg}} harvested from [[Fish farming|fish farms]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/ |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture |publisher=FAO |access-date=1 July 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513075213/http://www.fao.org/fishery |url-status=live }} </ref>
==History==
{{main|History of fishing|History of seafood}}
[[File:Fishing tools stone age SPMZ.jpg|thumb|right|Fishing tools from the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] period]]
Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back to at least the beginning of the Upper [[Paleolithic]] period about 40,000 years ago.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117013632/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1108_bonetool_2.html African Bone Tools Dispute Key Idea About Human Evolution] National Geographic News article. (archived 17 January 2006)</ref> [[Isotope analysis|Isotopic analysis]] of the remains of [[Tianyuan man]], a 40,000-year-old modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yaowu Hu | first1 = Y | last2 = Hong Shang | first2 = H | last3 = Haowen Tong | first3 = H | last4 = Olaf Nehlich | first4 = O | last5 = Wu Liu | first5 = W | last6 = Zhao | first6 = C | last7 = Yu | first7 = J | last8 = Wang | first8 = C | last9 = Trinkaus | first9 = E | last10 = Richards | first10 = M | year = 2009 | title = Stable isotope dietary analysis of the Tianyuan 1 early modern human | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 27 | pages = 10971–74 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0904826106 | pmid = 19581579 | pmc = 2706269| bibcode = 2009PNAS..10610971H | doi-access = free | issn=0027-8424 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news166120605.html First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern humans in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715083054/http://www.physorg.com/news166120605.html |date=15 July 2011 }} ''[[PhysOrg.com]]'', 6 July 2009.</ref> [[Archaeological|Archaeology]] features such as [[midden|shell middens]],<ref>[http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/middens/index.htm Coastal Shell Middens and Agricultural Origins in Atlantic Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226160847/http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/middens/index.htm |date=26 December 2009 }}.</ref> discarded fish bones, and [[cave painting]]s show that [[seafood]] was important for survival and consumed in significant quantities. Fishing in Africa is evident very early on in human history. [[Neanderthal]]s were fishing by about 200,000 BC.<ref name="quatr.us">{{cite web|url=https://quatr.us/africa/history-fishing-fishing-nets-shellfish-boats.htm|title=History of fishing – fishing nets, shellfish, boats|website=quatr.us Study Guides|language=en-US|access-date=2 May 2018|date=12 June 2017|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041721/https://quatr.us/africa/history-fishing-fishing-nets-shellfish-boats.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> People could have developed basketry for fish traps, using spinning and early forms of [[knitting]] to make fishing nets<ref name="quatr.us"/> able to catch more fish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alfaro Giner |first=Carmen |date=2010 |title=Fishing nets in the ancient world: the historical and archaeological evidence |url=https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/4649252 |journal=Ancient nets and fishing gear: Proceedings of the international workshop on Nets and fishing gear in classical antiquity: A first approach: Cádiz, November 15–17, 2007. - ( Monographs of the Sagena project; 2) |language=en |pages=55–81}}</ref>
During this period, most people lived a [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on the move. However, where there are early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied) such as those at [[Lepenski Vir]], they are almost always associated with fishing as a major source of food.
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Steam trawlers were introduced at [[Grimsby]] and [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] in the 1880s. In 1890 it was estimated that there were 20,000 men on the North Sea. The steam drifter was not used in the herring fishery until 1897. The last sailing fishing trawler was built in 1925 in Grimsby. Trawler designs adapted as the way they were powered changed from sail to coal-fired steam by [[World War I]] to [[Diesel engine|diesel]] and [[turbines]] by the end of [[World War II]].
In 1931, the first powered drum was created by Laurie Jarelainen. The drum was a circular device that was set to the side of the boat and would draw in the nets. Since [[World War II]], [[radio navigation aid]]s and [[Fishfinder|fish finders]] have been widely used. The first trawlers fished over the side, rather than over the [[stern]]. The first purpose-built stern trawler was ''Fairtry'' built in 1953 at [[Aberdeen]], Scotland. The ship was much larger than any other trawlers then in operation and inaugurated the era of the 'super trawler'. As the ship pulled its nets over the stern, it could lift out a much greater haul of up to 60 tons.<ref name="hulltrawler">{{cite web|title=HISTORY|url=http://www.hulltrawler.net/Stern/additions/History.htm|url-status=
===Recreational fishing===
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A fishing vessel is a boat or ship used to catch fish in the sea, or on a lake or river. Many different kinds of vessels are used in [[Commercial fishing|commercial]], [[Artisan fishing|artisanal]], and [[recreational fishing]].
According to the [[FAO]], in 2004 there were four million commercial fishing vessels.<ref name="FAO 2007">FAO 2007</ref> About 1.3 million of these are decked vessels with enclosed areas. Nearly all of these decked vessels are mechanised, and 40,000 of them are over 100 tons. At the other extreme, two-thirds (1.8 million) of the [[Deck (ship)|undecked]] boats are traditional craft of various types, powered only by sail and oars.<ref name="FAO 2007"/> These boats are used by [[
It is difficult to estimate how many [[Recreational boat fishing|recreational fishing boats]] there are, although the number is high. The term is fluid since some recreational boats may also be used for fishing from time to time. Unlike most commercial fishing vessels, recreational fishing boats are often not dedicated just to fishing. Just about anything that will stay afloat can be called a recreational fishing boat, so long as a [[Fisherman|fisher]] periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch a fish. Fish are caught for recreational purposes from boats which range from [[dugout canoe]]s, [[float tube]]s, [[kayaks]], [[raft]]s, stand up paddleboards, [[pontoon boat]]s and small [[Dinghy|dinghies]] to [[Runabout (boat)|runabouts]], [[cabin cruiser]]s and cruising yachts to large, hi-tech and luxurious [[Big-game fishing|big game]] rigs.<ref>[[NOAA]]: [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/speciesid/fish_page/fish51a.html Sport fishing boat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506051732/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/speciesid/fish_page/fish51a.html |date=6 May 2017 }}</ref> Larger boats, purpose-built with recreational fishing in mind, usually have large, open [[Cockpit (sailing)|cockpits]] at the [[stern]], designed for convenient fishing.
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[[File:Albatun Dod.jpg|thumb|right|Modern Spanish [[tuna]] [[purse seiner]] in the [[Seychelles Islands]]]]
The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the [[FAO]] as including [[recreational fishing|recreational]], [[Artisan fishing|subsistence]] and [[commercial fishing]], and the harvesting, [[Fish processing|processing]], and [[Fish marketing|marketing]] sectors.<ref>FAO Fisheries Section: Glossary: [http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp ''Fishing industry.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708081658/http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/default.asp |date=8 July 2007 }} Retrieved 28 May 2008.</ref> The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other [[seafood products]] for human consumption or use as [[raw material]] in other industrial processes. In 2022 24% of fishers and fish farmers and 62% of workers in post-harvest sector were women.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 |date=2024-06-07 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-138763-4 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cd0683en}}</ref>
There are three principal industry sectors:{{NoteTag|The wording of the following definitions of the fishing industry are based on those used by the Australian government.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.frdc.com.au/industry/ |title=Today's Fishing Industry |date=10 December 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090614105342/http://frdc.com.au/industry/ |archive-date = 14 June 2009 |publisher=[[Fisheries Research and Development Corporation]] |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref>}}
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[[File:French Fishing Vessel 'Alf' in the Irish Sea MOD 45155246.jpg|thumb|{{center|Fishing boat in heavy sea}}]]
[[File:Push-up fälla - Ystad-2021.jpg|thumb| Push-up trap developed by [[Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]] for more accurate and less harmful fishing]]
Commercial fishing is the capture of fish for commercial purposes. Those who practice it must often pursue fish far from the land under adverse conditions. Commercial fishermen harvest
A commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one
Commercial fishing gear includes weights, [[Fishing net|nets]] (e.g. purse [[Seine fishing|seine]]), seine nets (e.g. beach seine), [[trawl]]s (e.g. [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawl]]), dredges, [[Fish hook|hooks]] and line (e.g. [[Long-line fishing|long line]] and [[Hand-line fishing|handline]]), lift nets, [[gillnet]]s, entangling nets and [[Fishing trap|traps]].
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{{main|Fisheries management|Fisheries science}}
Fisheries management draws on [[fisheries science]] to find ways to protect [[fishery]] resources so sustainable exploitation is possible. Modern fisheries management is often referred to as a governmental system of
[[Fisheries science]] is the academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries. It is a multidisciplinary science, which draws on the disciplines of [[oceanography]], [[marine biology]], [[marine conservation]], [[ecology]], [[Population dynamics of fisheries|population dynamics]], [[economics]] and management in an attempt to provide an integrated picture of fisheries. In some cases new disciplines have emerged, such as [[bioeconomics (biology)|bioeconomics]].
===Sustainability===
{{main|Sustainable fishing}}
Stocks fished within biologically sustainable levels decreased from 90% in 1974 to 62.3% in 2021.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 |date=2024-06-07 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-138763-4 |language=en |doi=10.4060/cd0683en}}</ref> Issues involved in the long term sustainability of fishing include [[overfishing]], [[by-catch]], [[marine pollution]], [[environmental effects of fishing]], [[Ghost net|ghost fishing]], [[Fisheries and climate change|climate change]], [[fisheries-induced evolution]] and [[fish farming]].
Conservation issues are part of [[marine conservation]], and are addressed in [[fisheries science]] programs. There is a growing gap between how many fish are available to be caught and humanity's desire to catch them, a problem that gets worse as the [[world population]] grows.
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{{Further|Animal welfare|Pain in fish}}
Historically, some doubted that fish could experience pain. Laboratory experiments have shown that fish do react to painful stimuli (e.g., injections of
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== Plastic pollution ==
[[File:Plastic Waste 0089.jpg|thumb|Plastic pollution]]
Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear includes netting, mono/multifilament lines, hooks, ropes, floats, buoys, sinkers, anchors, metallic materials and fish aggregating devices (FADs) made of non-biodegradable materials such as [[concrete]], [[metal]] and [[polymer]]s. It has been estimated that global fishing gear losses each year include 5.7% of all fishing nets, 8.6% of all traps and 29% of all lines used. Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) can have serious impacts on marine organisms through entanglement and ingestion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2021-10-21 |title=Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321122658/https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |url-status=live }}</ref> The potential for fishing gear to become ALDFG depends on a number of factors including:▼
▲Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear includes netting, mono/multifilament lines, hooks, ropes, floats, buoys, sinkers, anchors, metallic materials and fish aggregating devices (FADs) made of non-biodegradable materials such as [[concrete]], [[metal]] and [[polymer]]s. It has been estimated that global fishing gear losses each year include 5.7% of all fishing nets, 8.6% of all traps and 29% of all lines used. Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) can have serious impacts on marine organisms through entanglement and ingestion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2021-10-21 |title=Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321122658/https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |url-status=live }}</ref> The potential for fishing gear to become ALDFG depends on a number of factors including:
* Environmental factors are mostly related to seafloor topography and obstructions, although tides, currents, waves, winds, and interaction with wildlife are also important.
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[[File:Fishing Woman.jpg|thumb|Woman with traditional fish catching device made from bamboo in Assam]]
===Community===
;Community: For communities like [[fishing village]]s, fisheries provide not only a source of food and work but also a community and cultural identity.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Collective in Support of Fishworkers|url=http://www.icsf.net/|date=2 March 2012|publisher=ICSF|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514194635/http://www.icsf.net/|url-status=live}}</ref>▼
▲
===Economic===
===Semantic===
▲;Economic: Some locations may be regarded as fishing destinations, which anglers visit on vacation or for competitions. The economic impact of fishing by visitors may be a significant, or even primary driver of tourism revenue for some destinations.
===Religious===
▲;Semantic: A "[[fishing expedition]]" is a situation where an interviewer implies they know more than they do to trick their target into divulging more information than they wish to reveal. Other examples of fishing terms that carry a negative connotation are: "fishing for compliments", "to be fooled [[Fishing tackle#Hook, line and sinker|hook, line and sinker]]" (to be fooled beyond merely "taking the bait"), and the internet scam of [[phishing]], in which a third party will duplicate a website where the user would put sensitive information (such as bank codes).
<!-- Needs improvement ===Additional Information about Fishing Industry===
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