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{{short description|Video game company}}
{{Lead too short|date=December 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox company
| name = Rebellion Developments Limited
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| location_city = [[Oxford]]
| location_country = England
| industry = [[Video game industry|Video games]]<br>
| products = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Alien vs. Predator]]'' series|''[[Sniper Elite]]'' series}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Jason Kingsley (
| num_employees = 475
| num_employees_year = 2022<ref>{{Cite
| subsid = {{Unbulleted list|Rebellion Liverpool|Rebellion North|Rebellion Film Studios|Rebellion Publishing|[[Rebellion Warwick]]}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://rebellion.com/|rebellion.com}}
}}
'''Rebellion Developments Limited''' is a British [[video game developer]] based in [[Oxford]], England. Founded by [[Jason Kingsley (businessman)|Jason]] and Chris Kingsley in December 1992, the company is best known for its ''[[Sniper Elite]]'' series and multiple games in the ''[[List of Alien, Predator and Alien vs. Predator games|Alien vs. Predator]]'' series. Sister company Rebellion Publishing has published
== History ==
===Origins (1992–1999)===
Rebellion was founded on 4 December 1992 by brothers [[Jason Kingsley (businessman)|Jason]] and Chris Kingsley in Oxford, England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/310982/REBELLION_IS_25.php |title=REBELLION IS 25! |date=5 December 2017 |website=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref><ref name="GamesTM: 25 years">{{cite magazine |title=25 years of Rebellion |magazine=[[GamesTM]] |issue=196 |date=25 January 2018 |pages=100–105 |issn=1478-5889}}</ref> The pair had just finished academic degrees at the [[University of Oxford]], and had ambitions of starting
===Expansion and comics (2000–2009)===
Over the course of the decade, Rebellion underwent rapid expansion with numerous acquisitions of other studios and properties. This wave of expansions included the purchase of ''2000 AD'' from [[Fleetway Publications]], which began Rebellion's first foray into comic books.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comicsbeat.com/rebellion-acquires-clickwheel/ |title=Rebellion acquires Clickwheel |date=21 February 2007 |website=The Beat}}</ref> In addition to further publications under the label, Rebellion began to develop associated characters for the games market. In 2003 Rebellion released the game ''[[Judge Dredd: Dredd vs. Death]]''.
In 2004, Rebellion entered a deal with [[DC Comics]] to reprint several ''2000 AD'' stories in [[trade paperback (comics)|trade paperback]] form, including ''[[Judge Dredd]]'', ''[[Strontium Dog]]'', ''[[Nikolai Dante]]'', and ''[[Sinister Dexter]]''. When DC left the venture, citing poor sales, Rebellion created its own line of American graphic novels
Rebellion's 2005 game ''[[Sniper Elite (video game)|Sniper Elite]]'' was awarded "Best PC/Console Game" in the [[The Independent Games Developers Association|TIGA]] Awards of 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/rebellion-picks-up-tigas-game-of-the-year-award |title=Rebellion picks up Tiga's game of the year award |website=GamesIndustry.biz|date=16 December 2005 }}</ref> Following the release, Rebellion acquired numerous games studios and properties. This began in 2006 with the purchase of ''[[Tomb Raider]]'' developers [[Core Design]] from [[Eidos Interactive]], as well as Strangelite from [[Empire Interactive]], and [[Elixir Studios]]' former IPs including ''[[Evil Genius (video game)|Evil Genius]]'' and ''[[Republic: The Revolution]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/115373/Rebellion_Acquires_Vivendi_Licenses_Considers_New_Franchise_Titles.php |title=Rebellion Acquires Vivendi Licenses, Considers New Franchise Titles |first=Chris |last=Remo |website=
Acquisitions later in the decade were predominantly associated with the growing publishing wing of the company, including [[Blackfish Publishing]] and [[Mongoose Publishing]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackfishpublishing.com/content/view/83/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225111938/http://www.blackfishpublishing.com/content/view/83/1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2009 |title=All change at Blackfish! |date=25 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://icv2.com/articles/comics/view/13200/mongoose-joins-rebellion |title=Mongoose Joins Rebellion |website=icv2.com}}</ref> followed by [[Cubicle 7]] and [[Solaris Books]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/cubicle-7-acquisition-rpg-publisher-joins-british-uber-developer-rebellion |title=Cubicle 7 acquisition |website=GamesIndustry.biz|date=2 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/rebellion-acquires-solaris-imprint |title=Rebellion acquires Solaris imprint - The Bookseller |website=thebookseller.com}}</ref> On 14 July 2009, the company purchased the ''[[Ground Control (video game)|Ground Control]]'', ''[[Empire Earth]]'', ''[[Lords of Magic]]'' and ''[[Lords of the Realm]]'' franchises from [[Activision]]. These were ex-[[Sierra Entertainment]] properties that the company offloaded due to their new long-term strategy following the [[Vivendi Games]] merger.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.
===Closure of Derby studio (2009–2010)===
In 2009, Rebellion's ''[[Rogue Warrior (video game)|Rogue Warrior]]'' game received poor reviews. This was followed by ''[[Aliens vs. Predator (2010 video game)|Aliens vs. Predator]]'' in 2010, published by [[Sega]], which received a mixed critical reception, but debuted at number one on the UK all formats chart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/27337/Aliens_Vs_Predator_Tops_BioShock_2_In_UK.php |title=Aliens Vs. Predator Tops BioShock 2 In UK |first=Kris |last=Graft |website=
====Controversy====
Following the closure of the Derby studio, the company was accused by laid off employees and their spouses of withholding wages and severance pay. The studio was further accused of not paying legal fees for staff members who sought "legal help during the redundancy consultation period".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcvuk.com/development-news/rebellion-accused-of-dodging-layoff-pay/|title = Rebellion accused of dodging layoff pay |website = MCV|date = 10 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/rebellion-ceo-says-derby-studio-in-final-stages-amid-unpaid-wages-accusations |title = Rebellion CEO Says Derby Studio In 'Final Stages' Amid Unpaid Wages Accusations | website = MCV|date = 9 May 2010}}</ref>
===Return to growth (2011–present)===
The mid 2010s saw major successes with the ''Sniper Elite'' franchise. The company returned to expansion through the purchase of additional studios and properties, expanding both their computer game and publishing sectors, and further diversified into live action film late in the decade. Kingsley was awarded an OBE in 2012 for his work supporting the sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-06-18-rebellions-kingsley-awarded-obe|title=Rebellion's Kingsley awarded OBE|date=18 June 2012 }}</ref>
In July 2013, Rebellion bought the ''[[Battlezone (1980 video game)|Battlezone]]'' and the ''[[Moonbase Commander]] ''franchises during the [[Atari]] bankruptcy proceedings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mcvuk.com/development/wargaming-and-rebellion-claim-atari-ips |title=Wargaming and Rebellion claim Atari IPs |first=Aaron |last=Lee |website=MCV |date=22 July 2013 |via=
In August 2016, Rebellion acquired the post-1970 [[Time Inc. UK|IPC Youth]] and Fleetway comics libraries from [[Egmont Group|Egmont]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://icv2.com/articles/news/view/35362/rebellion-acquires-fleetway-ipc-youth-group-archives |title=Rebellion Acquires Fleetway and IPC Youth Group Archives |website=icv2.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2016/08/25/rebellion-buys-fleetway-archive-roy-of-the-rovers-oink-tammy-battle-whizzer-and-chips-and-more/ |title=Rebellion Buys Fleetway Archive – Roy Of The Rovers, Oink, Tammy, Battle, Whizzer And Chips And More |website=
▲In July 2013, Rebellion bought the ''[[Battlezone (1980 video game)|Battlezone]]'' and the ''[[Moonbase Commander]] ''franchises during the [[Atari]] bankruptcy proceedings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mcvuk.com/development/wargaming-and-rebellion-claim-atari-ips |title=Wargaming and Rebellion claim Atari IPs |first=Aaron |last=Lee |website=MCV |date=22 July 2013 |via=www.mcvuk.com}}</ref> Cubicle 7 left Rebellion in December 2014 via [[management buyout]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cubicle7.co.uk/cubicle-7-leaves-rebellion-group/ |title=cubicle 7 leaves rebellion group - Cubicle 7 |website=cubicle7.co.uk}}</ref> ''[[Sniper Elite III]]'' was released that year, and by September 2015 the series had passed 10 million copies sold worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sniper-elite-series-sells-10-million/1100-6431015/ |title=Sniper Elite Series Sells 10 Million |first=Eddie |last=Makuch |date=30 September 2015 |website=gamespot.com}}</ref>
In November 2018, Rebellion set up a studio for a film and TV series based on 2000 AD characters, the first projects being ''Judge Dredd: Mega-City One'' and ''Rogue Trooper'', both directed by [[Duncan Jones]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/judge-dredd-2000-ad-rogue-trooper-rebellion-uk-film-tv-studio-1203035523/ |title=Judge Dredd Owner Rebellion Sets Up $100 Million U.K. Film and TV Studio (EXCLUSIVE) |first1=Stewart |last1=Clarke |date=25 November 2018 |website=
▲In August 2016, Rebellion acquired the post-1970 [[Time Inc. UK|IPC Youth]] and Fleetway comics libraries from [[Egmont Group|Egmont]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://icv2.com/articles/news/view/35362/rebellion-acquires-fleetway-ipc-youth-group-archives |title=Rebellion Acquires Fleetway and IPC Youth Group Archives |website=icv2.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bleedingcool.com/2016/08/25/rebellion-buys-fleetway-archive-roy-of-the-rovers-oink-tammy-battle-whizzer-and-chips-and-more/ |title=Rebellion Buys Fleetway Archive – Roy Of The Rovers, Oink, Tammy, Battle, Whizzer And Chips And More |website=www.bleedingcool.com|date=25 August 2016 }}</ref> It reprinted these under its Treasury of British Comics imprint, including ''[[Roy of the Rovers]]'', ''[[Wildcat (UK comic)|Wildcat]]'' and ''[[One-Eyed Jack (comics)|One-Eyed Jack]]''. This would be followed by an acquisition of the pre-1970 titles from the group in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McMillan |first1=Graeme |title='2000 AD' Publisher Acquires TI Media Comic Archive |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/2000-ad-publisher-rebellion-acquires-ti-media-comic-archive-1147926 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=28 September 2018 |access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>
Several games related acquisitions would be made through 2018 and 2019, including the [[Radiant Worlds]], rebranded "Rebellion Warwick"<ref name="GIbiz: Warwick">{{cite web|last=Dring|first=Christopher|date=8 January 2018|title=Rebellion buys Radiant Worlds|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-01-08-rebellion-buys-radiant-worlds
▲In November 2018, Rebellion set up a studio for film and TV series based on 2000 AD characters, the first projects being ''Judge Dredd: Mega-City One'' and ''Rogue Trooper'', both directed by [[Duncan Jones]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/judge-dredd-2000-ad-rogue-trooper-rebellion-uk-film-tv-studio-1203035523/ |title=Judge Dredd Owner Rebellion Sets Up $100 Million U.K. Film and TV Studio (EXCLUSIVE) |first1=Stewart |last1=Clarke |date=25 November 2018 |website=variety.com}}</ref> Rebellion Productions, the film production arm founded in 2017, would occupy a disused newspaper factory in [[Didcot]], England.<ref name="Eurogamer: Productions">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-11-23-rebellion-spends-usd100m-on-new-film-studio-space-to-help-with-rogue-trooper-movie-judge-dredd-tv-show |title=Rebellion spends $100m on new film studio space to help with Rogue Trooper movie, Judge Dredd TV show |first=Wesley |last=Yin-Poole |date=25 November 2018 |website=eurogamer.net}}</ref> The studio would launch its first feature film in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://downthetubes.net/?p=124323|title = Rebellion's first film, School's Out Forever, released next month|date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>
In 2020 Rebellion acquired ''[[Whitaker's Almanack]]'', publishing an edition in the following year, but it announced that there would be no 2022 edition.
▲Several games related acquisitions would be made through 2018 and 2019, including the [[Radiant Worlds]], rebranded "Rebellion Warwick"<ref name="GIbiz: Warwick">{{cite web|last=Dring|first=Christopher|date=8 January 2018|title=Rebellion buys Radiant Worlds|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-01-08-rebellion-buys-radiant-worlds|url-status=live|website=GamesIndustry.biz}}</ref> and TickTock games, rebranded "Rebellion North".<ref name="Telegraph: North">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gaming/news/rebellion-acquire-ticktock-games-add-growing-studio-portfolio/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gaming/news/rebellion-acquire-ticktock-games-add-growing-studio-portfolio/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Rebellion acquire TickTock Games to add to growing studio portfolio |first=Tom |last=Hoggins |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=3 January 2019 |via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Rebellion acquired [[The Bitmap Brothers]]' library of classic games in 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2019-11-25-rebellion-acquires-the-bitmap-brothers-classic-games-portfolio | title = Rebellion acquires The Bitmap Brothers' classic games portfolio | first = Matt | last =Wales | date = 25 November 2019 | access-date = 25 November 2019 | work = [[Eurogamer]] }}</ref>
In 2021 Rebellion announced a new bi-monthly humour comic, ''[[Monster Fun]]'', would begin in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tantimedh |first1=Adi |title=Monster Fun: Rebellion Launches New British Kids' Comic in April 2022 |url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/monster-fun-rebellion-launches-new-british-kids-comic-in-april-2022/ |website=Bleeding Cool News And Rumors |access-date=21 September 2021 |language=en |date=20 September 2021}}</ref>
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=== Active ===
* Audiomotion Studios (acquired in 2003)<ref>{{cite web|date=28 February 2003|title=Rebellion Acquires AudioMotion|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/92682/Rebellion_Acquires_AudioMotion.php
* Rebellion Film Studios<ref>{{Cite
* Rebellion Liverpool (acquired in 2006)<ref>{{cite web|last=Jenkins|first=David|date=2 June 2006|title=Rebellion Acquires Strangelite From Empire|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/100518/Rebellion_Acquires_Strangelite_From_Empire.php
* Rebellion North (acquired in 2019)<ref name="Telegraph: North" />
* Rebellion Publishing<ref>{{cite
** [[2000 AD (comics)|2000 AD]]<ref name="GIbiz: Publishing">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-05-11-kingsleys-unleash-ire-of-independent-author-community-with-rebellion-trademark |title=Kingsleys unleash ire of independent author community with Rebellion trademark |website=GamesIndustry.biz|date=11 May 2018 }}</ref>
** [[Abaddon Books]]<ref name="GIbiz: Publishing" />
** Ravenstone Press<ref name="GIbiz: Publishing" />
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=== Defunct ===
* [[Razorworks]] (acquired in 2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/rebellion-acquires-razorworks |title=Rebellion acquires Razorworks |website=GamesIndustry.biz|date=19 July 2008 }}</ref>
* Rebellion Banbury (acquired in 2007)<ref>{{cite web|last=Dobson|first=Jason|date=9 March 2007|title=Rebellion Acquires Ignition's Mercury Dev|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/104032/Rebellion_Acquires_Ignitions_Mercury_Dev.php
* [[Rebellion Derby]] (acquired in 2006)<ref>{{cite web|last=Dobson|first=Jason|date=16 June 2006|title=Rebellion Acquires Core Design Assets From SCi|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/100693/Rebellion_Acquires_Core_Design_Assets_From_SCi.php
== Games ==
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| Atari Jaguar
|-
| ''[[Legions of the Undead]]'' (cancelled)
| Atari Jaguar
|-
| ''[[Klustar]]''
| [[Game Boy
|-
▲| rowspan="3" | 1999
| [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Classic Mac OS]]
▲| ''[[Aliens versus Predator (1999 video game)|Aliens versus Predator]]''
|-
| ''[[Mission: Impossible (Game Boy Color)|Mission: Impossible]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six (video game)|Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six]]''
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| rowspan="5" | 2000
| ''[[The Mummy (video game)|The Mummy]]''
|
|-
| ''Asterix: Search for Dogmatix''
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|-
| ''[[Gunlok]]''
|
|-
| Largo Winch.//Commando Sar
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| 2004
| ''[[Iron Storm (2002 video game)|World War Zero: Iron Storm]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
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|-
| ''[[Delta Force: Black Hawk Down]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="
| ''[[007: From Russia with Love]]''
| [[PlayStation Portable]]
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|-
| ''[[Rogue Trooper (video game)|Rogue Trooper]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Miami Vice: The Game]]''
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|-
| ''[[Delta Force: Black Hawk Down – Team Sabre]]''
|
|-
| ''Prism: Guard Shield''
| Windows
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2007
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|-
| ''[[Free Running (video game)|Free Running]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]''
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| rowspan="4" | 2009
| ''[[Shellshock 2: Blood Trails]]''
|
|-
| ''[[PDC World Championship Darts 2009]]''
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|-
| ''[[Rogue Warrior (video game)|Rogue Warrior]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Star Wars Battlefront: Elite Squadron]]''
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| rowspan="3" | 2010
| ''[[Aliens vs. Predator (2010 video game)|Aliens vs Predator]]''
|
|-
| ''[[PDC World Championship Darts Pro Tour|PDC World Championship Darts: ProTour]]''
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|-
| ''[[Sniper Elite V2]]''
|
|-
| ''Zombie HQ''
| Android, iOS, Windows
|-
| ''Sinbad''
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| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Sniper Elite: Nazi Zombie Army]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Sniper Elite: Nazi Zombie Army 2]]''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Sniper Elite III]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Zombie Army Trilogy]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Evil Genius (video game)#Sequel|Evil Genius Online]]''
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| 2016
| ''[[Battlezone (2016 video game)|Battlezone]]''
| PlayStation 4,
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Sniper Elite 4]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Strange Brigade]]''
|
|-
| ''Arca's Path VR''
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Zombie Army 4: Dead War]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Evil Genius 2: World Domination]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Sniper Elite VR]]''
| PlayStation 4,
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Sniper Elite 5]]''
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Sniper Elite VR: Winter Warrior]]''
| PlayStation 5, Windows
|-
|2024
| ''[[Zombie Army VR]]''
| PlayStation 5, Windows
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''Sniper Elite: Resistance''
|Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
|-
| ''[[Atomfall]]''
| Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
|}
Line 306 ⟶ 329:
* ''[[Ground Control (video game)|Ground Control]]'' (2009, PC). Originally developed by [[Ubisoft Massive|Massive Entertainment]] and published in 2000.
* ''[[Ground Control II: Operation Exodus]]'' (2009, PC). Originally developed by Massive Entertainment and published in 2004.
* ''[[Lords of the Realm]]'' (2009, PC). Originally developed by [[Impressions Games]] and published in 1994. This includes ''[[Lords of the Realm II]]'' published in 1996.
* ''[[Lords of the Realm III]]'' (2009, PC). Originally developed by Impressions Games and published in 2004.
* ''[[Lords of Magic]]'' (2009, PC). Originally developed by Impressions Games and published in 1998.
|