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{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Use American English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
| logo = File:Art Institute of Chicago
| logo_size = 150px
| name = Art Institute of Chicago
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| established = 1879; in present location since 1893
| location = 111 South [[Michigan Avenue (Chicago)|Michigan Avenue]]<br />[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] 60603,<br />U.S.
| visitors = 1,322,195 (2023)<ref name=cheshire>{{cite web |title=The 100 most popular art museums in the world—blockbusters, bots and bounce-backs |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/03/26/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-world-2023 |
| collection size = 300,000 works
| director = James Rondeau
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==History==
===19th century===
[[File:Art Institute of Chicago 1890.jpg|thumb|What is believed to be the oldest image of the Art Institute taken in 1890, and published in the ''[[Detroit]] Catalogue J.'' in 1901.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Art Institute, Chicago, Ill. |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/det.4a08062/ |website=Library of Congress |publisher=Detroit Publishing Co |access-date=October 30, 2024 |date=1890}}</ref>]]
[[File:Art Institute 1893.gif|thumb|An 1893 sketch of the new Art Institute of Chicago showing most of today's [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]] still submerged under [[Lake Michigan]] with the railroad tracks running along the shoreline behind the museum]]
In 1866, a group of 35 artists founded the '''Chicago Academy of Design''' in a studio on Dearborn Street, with the intent to run a free school with its own art gallery. The organization was modeled after European art academies, such as the [[Royal Academy]], with Academicians and Associate Academicians. The academy's charter was granted in March 1867.
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When the [[Great Chicago Fire]] destroyed the building in 1871, the academy was thrown into debt. Attempts to continue despite the loss by using rented facilities failed. By 1878, the academy was $10,000 in debt. Members tried to rescue the ailing institution by making deals with local businessmen, before some finally abandoned it in 1879 to found a new organization, named the '''Chicago Academy of Fine Arts'''. When the Chicago Academy of Design went bankrupt the same year, the new Chicago Academy of Fine Arts bought its assets at auction.
In 1882, the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts changed its name to the current
With the announcement of the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] to be held in 1892–93, the Art Institute pressed for a building on the lakefront to be constructed for the fair, but to be used by the institute afterwards. The city agreed, and the building was completed in time for the second year of the fair. Construction costs were met by selling the Michigan/Van Buren property. On October 31, 1893, the institute moved into the new building. For the opening reception on December 8, 1893, [[Theodore Thomas (conductor)|Theodore Thomas]] and the [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] performed.
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As director of the museum starting in the early 1980s, [[James N. Wood]] conducted a major expansion of its collection and oversaw a major renovation and expansion project for its facilities. As "one of the most respected museum leaders in the country", as described by ''[[The New York Times]]'', Wood created major exhibitions of works by [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Claude Monet]], and [[Vincent van Gogh]] that set records for attendance at the museum. He retired from the museum in 2004.<ref>Kennedy, Randy (June 14, 2010). [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/arts/design/15wood.html "James N. Wood, President of the Getty Trust, Dies at 69"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 2010-06-21.</ref>
===21st century===
The institute began construction of "The Modern Wing", an addition situated on the southwest corner of Columbus and Monroe in the early 21st century.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0505310147may31-story.html| title=Art Institute to Add New Wing| last=Kamin| first=Blair| newspaper=Chicago Tribune| date=May 31, 2005| access-date=2021-01-29| language=en-US| url-access=subscription}}</ref> The project, designed by [[Pritzker Prize]]–winning architect [[Renzo Piano]], was completed and officially opened to the public on May 16, 2009. The {{convert|264000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} building addition made the Art Institute the second-largest art museum in the United States. The building houses the museum's world-renowned collections of 20th and 21st century art, specifically modern European painting and sculpture, contemporary art, architecture and design, and photography. In its inaugural survey in 2014, travel review website and forum, [[Tripadvisor]], reviewed millions of travelers' surveys and named the Art Institute the world's best museum.<ref>{{cite magazine| title=These Are the 25 Best Museums in the World |url=
The museum received perhaps the largest gift of art in its history in 2015.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/chi-art-institute-donation-andy-warhol-20150421-20150421-column.html| title=Art Institute of Chicago gets its largest gift ever, including 9 Warhols| first=Steve| last=Johnson| newspaper=Chicago Tribune| date=April 22, 2015}}</ref> Collectors [[Stefan Edlis]] and Gael Neeson donated a "collection [that] is among the world's greatest groups of postwar Pop art ever assembled".<ref name=":0">{{cite news| url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/04/22/401469571/gift-worth-400-million-to-art-institute-of-chicago-includes-works-by-warhol| title=Gift Worth $400 Million To Art Institute Of Chicago Includes Works By Warhol| date=April 22, 2015| work=WBEZ News| last=Chappell| first=Bill}}</ref> The donation includes works by [[Andy Warhol]], [[Jasper Johns]], [[Cy Twombly]], [[Jeff Koons]], [[Charles Ray (artist)|Charles Ray]], [[Richard Prince]], [[Cindy Sherman]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]] and [[Gerhard Richter]]. The museum agreed to keep the donated work on display for at least 50 years.<ref name=":0" /> In June 2018, the museum received a $50 million donation, the largest single announced unrestricted monetary donation in its history.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-art-institute-70-million-gift-0418-story.html| title=Art Institute lands largest announced cash donation, $70 million in total| date=April 17, 2018| last=Johnson| first=Steve| newspaper=Chicago Tribune| access-date=2021-01-29| language=en-US}}</ref>
==Collection==
{{further|List of painters in the Art Institute of Chicago}}
The collection of the Art Institute of Chicago encompasses more than 5,000 years of human expression from cultures around the world and contains more than 300,000 works of art in 11 curatorial departments, ranging from early Japanese prints to the art of the [[Byzantine Empire]] to contemporary American art. It is principally known for one of the United States' finest collection of paintings produced in Western culture.<ref name=Oxford>{{cite book| title=The Oxford Dictionary of Art: The Art Institute of Chicago| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| editor-last=Chilvers| editor-first=Ian| year=2004| pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00chil/page/813 813–814]| isbn=978-0-1928-0022-0| quote=Celebrated masterpieces: ''Nighthawks''; ''American Gothic''; ''A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.''| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00chil/page/813}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=
===African Art and Indian Art of the Americas===
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=== Ancient and Byzantine ===
The Art Institute's ancient collection spans nearly 4,000 years of art and history, showcasing Greek, Etruscan, Roman, and Egyptian sculpture, mosaics, pottery, jewelry, glass, and bronze and a robust and well-maintained collection of ancient coins. There are around 5,000 works in the collection, offering a comprehensive survey of the ancient and medieval Mediterranean world, beginning with the third millennium B.C. and extending to the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/ancient| title=Ancient and Byzantine| website=Art Institute of Chicago| access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> The collection also holds the mummy and mummy case of Paankhenamun.<ref>{{cite
=== Architecture and Design ===
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=== Prints and Drawings ===
The print and drawings collection began with a donation by Elizabeth S. Stickney of 460 works in 1887, and was organized into its own department of the museum in 1911.<ref>Engelbrecht, Theresa Moir (July–August 2017). [http://artinprint.org/article/inter-collected-the-shared-history-of-the-print-club-and-museum-collection/ "Inter-Collected: The Shared History of the Print Club and Museum Collection,"] ''Art in Print''. Vol. 7 No. 2
=== Textiles ===
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The Art Institute building has the unusual property of straddling open-air railroad tracks. Two stories of gallery space connect the east and west buildings while the [[Metra Electric]] and [[South Shore Line (NICTD)|South Shore]] lines operate below. The lower level of gallery space was formerly the windowless Gunsaulus hall, but is now home to the Alsdorf Galleries showcasing Indian, Southeast Asian and Himalayan Art. During renovation, windows facing north toward Millennium Park were added. The gallery space was designed by [[Renzo Piano]] in conjunction with his design of the Modern Wing and features the same window screening used there to protect the art from direct sunlight. The upper level formerly held the modern European galleries, but was renovated in 2008 and now features the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist galleries.
In September 2024, the museum announced a gift of $75 million for a new gallery building or wing named for benefactors Aaron I. Fleischman and Lin Lougheed. The gallery is intended to increase space for 19th century, modern, and contemporary art. The design and placement of the new gallery or gallery building are yet to be decided.<ref>{{
===Libraries===
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[[File:Art Institute Modern Wing Night.jpg|thumb|Art Institute of Chicago Modern Wing]]
On May 16, 2009, the Art Institute opened the Modern Wing, the largest expansion in the museum's history.<ref name="architecutre">{{cite news| title=Renzo Piano Embraces Chicago| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/14/arts/design/14muse.html| first=Nicolai| last=Ourossof| date=May 13, 2009| newspaper=The New York Times| access-date=2011-06-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513210441/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/14/arts/design/14muse.html| archive-date=2011-05-13| url-status=live| df=mdy}}</ref> The {{convert|264000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} addition, designed by [[Renzo Piano]], makes the Art Institute the second-largest museum in the US.<ref name=secondlargest/> The [[architect of record]] in the City of Chicago for this building was Interactive Design.<ref>{{cite web| title=The Modern Wing At The Art Institute Of Chicago| website=Interactive Design Architects| url=https://interactivedesignarchitects.com/portfolio-post/the-modern-wing-at-the-art-institute-of-chicago/| access-date=2020-08-06| language=en-US}}</ref> The Modern Wing is home to the museum's collection of early 20th-century European art, including [[Pablo Picasso]]'s ''[[The Old Guitarist]]'', [[Henri Matisse]]'s ''Bathers by a River'', and [[René Magritte]]'s ''[[Time Transfixed]].'' The Lindy and Edwin Bergman Collection of Surrealist art includes the largest public display of [[Joseph Cornell]]'s works (37 boxes and collages).<ref>{{cite news |title=Joseph Cornell's Works At The Art Institute |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1997/03/23/joseph-cornells-works-at-the-art-institute/ |last=Seaman |first=Donna |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=March 23, 1997}}</ref> The Wing also houses [[contemporary art]] from after 1960; new photography, video media, architecture and design galleries including original renderings by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] and [[Bruce Goff]]; temporary exhibition space; shops and classrooms; and a cafe. In addition, the [[Nichols Bridgeway]] connects a sculpture garden on the roof of the new wing with the adjacent [[Millennium Park]] to the north and a courtyard designed by Gustafson Guthrie Nichol.
In 2009, the Modern Wing won at the Chicago Innovation Awards.<ref>{{ cite news |title=2009 Chicago Innovation Award winners |url=http://www.chicagoinnovationawards.com/past-winners/2009 |website=Chicago Innovation Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311044420/http://www.chicagoinnovationawards.com/past-winners/2009 |archive-date=2010-03-11}}</ref>
==Selections from the permanent collection==
Other notable works are in the collection but the following examples are ones in the public domain and for which pictures are available. In 2018, as it redesigned its website, the Art Institute released images of 52,438 of its public domain works, under the [[Creative Commons Zero]] (CC0) licence.<ref>{{cite
===Paintings===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" mode="packed">
File:Bernat Martorell - Saint George Killing the Dragon - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Bernat Martorell|Martorell]], ''[[Saint George
File:Saint Martin and the Beggar (c1597-1600) by El Greco - Chicago.jpg|[[El Greco]], ''[[Saint Martin and the Beggar (El Greco)|Saint Martin and the Beggar]]'', c. 1597–1600
File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Old Man with a Gold Chain - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Rembrandt]], ''[[Old Man with a Gold Chain]]'', c. 1631
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===Sculptures===
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" mode="packed">
File:AIC-chimera.jpg|A [[Han
File:1981.11 - Statue of the Aphrodite of Knidos.jpg|''Aphrodite of Knidos'', 2nd Century Roman, inspired by [[Praxiteles]]
File:Alapini vina @ Art Institute of Chicago - detail of black schist of God Vishnu with His Consorts Lakshmi and Sarasvati - Bangladesh or Eastern India, Pala period, 10th-12th century.jpg|[[Saraswati]] playing an [[alapini vina]], Bangladesh, Pala period 10th–12th century
File:Coronation_stone_of_motecuhzoma_ii.jpg|[[Aztec]], ''Coronation Stone of [[Motecuhzoma II]]'' (''Stone of the Five Suns'') 1503
File:Rodin - Adam.jpg|[[Auguste Rodin]], ''Adam'' (1881) cast in bronze 1924
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== Governance ==
=== Attendance ===
During 2009, attendance was around 2 million—up 33 percent from 2008—in addition to a total of approximately 100,000 museum memberships. Despite a 25 percent boost in museum admission fees, the Modern Wing was a major catalyst for a rise in visitor traffic.<ref>Viera, Lauren (May 9, 2011). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/05/09/art-institute-leader-resigns/ "Art Institute leader resigns"]. ''
=== Finances ===
[[File:Art Institute of Chicago Michigan Avenue.jpg|thumb|Art Institute of Chicago on [[Michigan Avenue (Chicago)|Michigan Avenue]]]]
As of 2011, the Art Institute continues to rebuild its $783 million endowment since the [[Great Recession|recession]].<ref>Crow, Kelly
The $294 million extension in 2009 was the culmination of a $385 million fundraising campaign—roughly $300 million for design and construction and $85 million for the endowment. Around $370 million were raised primarily from private patrons in Chicago.<ref>Kaufman, Jason Edward
=== Acquisitions and deaccessioning ===
In 1990, the Art Institute of Chicago sold 11 works at auction, including paintings by [[Claude Monet]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Amedeo Modigliani]], [[Maurice Utrillo]] and [[Edgar Degas]], to raise the $12 million purchase price of a bronze sculpture, ''Golden Bird'', by [[Constantin Brâncuși]]. At the time, the sculpture was owned by the [[Arts Club of Chicago]], which was selling it to buy a new gallery for its other works.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-10-ca-1857-story.html "Chicago Gallery to Sell 11 Works to Buy Brancusi"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. [[United Press International]]
=== Directors ===
* [[William M.R. French]] (1885–1914)
*
*
* [[Robert Harshe]] (1921–1938)
* [[Daniel Catton Rich]] (1938–1958)
* Allen McNab (1956–1965)
* Charles Cunningham (1965–1972)
*
* [[James N. Wood]] (1980–2004)
* [[James Cuno]] (2004–2011)
*
* James Rondeau (2016–present)
=== Controversy ===
====Management of investments dispute====
In 2002, the Art Institute of Chicago filed suit alleging fraud by a small Dallas firm called Integral Investment Management, along with related parties. The museum, which put $43 million of its endowment into funds run by the defendants, claimed that it faced losses of up to 90% on the investments after they soured.<ref name=Economist>{{cite news| url=http://www.economist.com/node/922809| title=Stick to paintings|
====Construction disputes====
In 2010, the year after the opening of its massive Modern Wing, the Art Institute of Chicago sued the engineering firm [[Arup Group Limited|Ove Arup]] for $10 million over what it said were flaws in the [[concrete]] floors and air-circulation systems. The suit was [[settled out of court]].<ref name=Finkel14>{{cite news| first=Jori| last=Finkel| date=3 June 2014| title=Eli Broad's Art Showcase, Still Unfinished, Sues Over Delays in Los Angeles| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/04/arts/design/eli-broads-los-angeles-art-showcase-still-unfinished-sues-over-delays.html| newspaper=The New York Times| url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Kapos13>{{cite news| title=Art Institute closes Modern Wing's 3rd floor for 7 months| url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20130917/NEWS07/130919817/art-institute-closes-modern-wings-3rd-floor-for-7-months#| last=Kapos| first=Shia| date=
====Docent program diversity dispute====
In 2021, the Art Institute ended its unpaid volunteer docents program to move to a paid model. The ''Chicago Tribune'' editorial page criticized the Institute's letter announcing the change and the move to a new model, arguing that "[o]nce you cut through the blather, the letter basically said the museum had looked critically at its corps of docents, a group dominated by mostly (but not entirely) white, retired women with some time to spare, and found them wanting as a demographic."<ref>{{cite news |title=Shame on the Art Institute for Summarily Canning Its Docents |
Following a volunteerism surge in the late 1940s, the program had been created in 1961 to revitalize and expand "programming for children."<ref>{{cite web |title=Expanding the Museum's Impact |url=https://www.artic.edu/learn-with-us |website=Learn with
== Looted art ==
In 1996, heirs to Jewish art collectors Louise and [[Friedrich Gutmann]], who died in Nazi concentration camps, sued museum trustee [[Daniel C. Searle|Daniel Searle]] for the return of the Edgar Degas painting
==In popular culture==
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