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{{Short description|Type of organized crime committed by outlaws}}
{{redirect|Bandit}}
[[
'''Banditry''' is a type of [[organized crime]] committed by [[outlaw]]s typically involving the threat or use of [[violence]]. A person who engages in banditry is known as a '''bandit''' and primarily commits crimes such as [[extortion]], [[robbery]], [[kidnapping]], and [[murder]], either as an individual or in groups. Banditry is a vague concept of [[Crime|criminality]] and in modern usage can be [[synonymous]]
▲'''Banditry''' is a type of [[organized crime]] committed by [[outlaw]]s typically involving the threat or use of [[violence]]. A person who engages in banditry is known as a '''bandit''' and primarily commits crimes such as [[extortion]], [[robbery]], and [[murder]], either as an individual or in groups. Banditry is a vague concept of criminality and in modern usage can be [[synonymous]] for [[gangsterism]], [[brigandage]], [[wikt:marauder|marauding]], and [[Theft|thievery]].
==Definitions==
The term ''bandit'' (introduced to English via Italian around
The [[Oxford English Dictionary|New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED)]] defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is [[Proscription|proscribed]] or [[outlaw]]ed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a [[brigand]]: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey".
In modern usage the word
==Types==
===Social bandit===
{{main|Social
"[[Social
▲"[[Social bandit]]ry" is a term invented by the historian [[Eric Hobsbawm]] in his 1959 book ''Primitive Rebels'', a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized by law as illegal. He further expanded the field in the 1969 study ''Bandits''. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by [[piracy]] and [[organized crime]] syndicates. Later social scientists have also discussed the term's applicability to more modern forms of crime, like [[street gang]]s and the economy associated with the trade in [[illegal drugs]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
===Piracy===
{{main|Piracy}}
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===Europe===
====Medieval period====
Tradition depicts medieval German [[Robber baron (feudalism) | robber barons]] as bandits.<ref>
About 5,000 bandits were executed by [[Pope Sixtus V]] in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout [[Central Italy]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ruggiero |first=Guido |author-link=Guido Ruggiero |year=2006 |title=A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |page=143 |isbn=1-4051-5783-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfCn4RwVUssC&pg=PA143}}</ref>▼
{{cite book
|last1 = Zmora
|first1 = Hillay
|series = Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History
|date = 13 November 2003
|orig-date = 1997
|title = State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany: The Knightly Feud in Franconia, 1440-1567
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XRGwYva8WuEC
|edition = revised
|publication-place = Cambridge
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|page = 1, 3
|isbn = 9780521522656
|access-date = 24 April 2023
|quote = 'All Germany is a gang of bandits and, among the nobles, the more grasping the more glorious' - a Roman cardinal thus summed up the state of the German nation in the late Middle Ages. [...] Friedrich C. Schlosser [...] mentioned [...] that 'the numerous robber-knights of Thuringia ... earned their living on the highways by [robbing] cities of their goods'.
}}
</ref>
▲
====Brigandry in Italy====
{{main| Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861|Sardinian banditry}}
Banditry or [[brigandry]], while existing in [[Italy]] since pre-historic times, became particularly widespread in [[Southern Italy]] following the [[Unification of Italy]] in the 1860s. Brigands such as [[Carmine Crocco]], [[Michelina Di Cesare]], [[Ninco Nanco]], and [[Nicola Napolitano (brigand)| Nicola Napolitano]] were active during this period and eventually developed followings as [[folk heroes]]. Brigandage in Southern Italy continued sporadically following the 1870s, with brigands such as [[Giuseppe Musolino]] and [[Francesco Paolo Varsallona]] forming bandit gangs at the turn of the 20th century. [[Salvatore Giuliano]] and [[Gaspare Pisciotta]] formed a brigand group in [[Sicily]] in the 1940s to 1950 and similarly became known as folk heroes. [[Sardinia]] has a [[Sardinian banditry|long history of banditry]], with the bandit and [[kidnapping]] group ''[[anonima sarda]]'' being the most recent manifestation of this phenomenon.
==== Nazi-occupied Europe
{{main|Bandenbekämpfung}}
In [[Nazi-occupied
and, usually, with the [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II | mass slavery]] of civilians from [[Partisan (military)| partisan]]-controlled areas.<ref>
{{cite book|last= Westermann|first= Edward B. | series = Modern war studies
| title= Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East |date= 2005
| publisher= [[University Press of Kansas]]|location= Kansas City |isbn= 9780700613717 |page = 191
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SAVnAAAAMAAJ
| quote = During a private audience with the Duce, Benito Mussolini, in October 1942, Göring discussed the conduct of antipartisan operations in the East and explained the German practice of confiscating all livestock and foodstuffs as well as that of interning men, women, and children in work camps and burning down their villages.
}}</ref>
===China===
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====Republican period====
Marauding was one of the most common peasant reactions to oppression and hardship. In early [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican China]], the growth of [[warlord]] armies during the [[Warlord era]] was also accompanied by a dramatic increase in bandit activity exploiting the lawlessness. By 1930, the total bandit population was estimated to be 20 million.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Billingsley |first=Phil |year=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qu5KojZANpQC&pg=PA1 |title=Bandits in Republican China |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8047-1406-1}}</ref>
==List==
{{see|Brigandage}}
===Americas===
*[[Banditry in Chile]]
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===Asia===
*[[Dacoity]], Hindi term for banditry
*[[Honghuzi]]
*[[Shanlin]]
*[[Thuggee]]
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*[[Brigandage in the Two Sicilies]], bandits in South Italy (1861-65)
*[[Hajduk]]s, bandits in the Balkans
*[[Kirdzhalis]]
*[[Klepht]], anti-Ottoman insurgents in Greece and Cyprus
*[[Rapparee]], Irish guerrillas during the 1690s Williamite war
*[[Robber baron (feudalism)|Robber baron]]
*[[Sardinian banditry]]
*[[Uskoks]], Croatian Habsburg soldiers during the Ottoman wars in Europe
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==Related occupations==
*[[Fence (criminal)|Fence]], helping bandits to sell stolen goods.
*[[Irregular military]],
*[[Henchman]]
*[[Highwayman]]
==References==
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Organized crime]]
[[Category:Robbery]]
▲[[Category:Outlaws]]
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