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{{Redirect-multi|2|Anti-slavery|Emancipationist|the British NGO|Anti-Slavery International|pardoned convicts in colonial Australia|Emancipist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{
[[File:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|thumb|250px|upright|Photograph of a slave boy in the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]]. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' {{circa|1890}}. From at least the 1860s onwards, photography was a powerful weapon in the abolitionist arsenal.]]
{{Slavery}}
{{Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade}}
'''Abolitionism''', or the '''abolitionist movement''', is the movement to end [[slavery]] and liberate
The first country to fully outlaw slavery was [[France]] in 1315, but it was later used in its [[French colonial Empire|colonies]]. Under the actions of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], chattel slavery has been abolished across [[Japan]] since 1590, though other forms of [[forced labour]] were used during [[World War II]]. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was
In Eastern Europe, groups organized to abolish the enslavement of the [[Romani people|Roma]] in [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] between 1843 and 1855, and [[Emancipation reform of 1861|to emancipate the serfs in Russia in 1861]]. The [[United States]] would pass the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]] in December 1865 after having just fought a bloody [[American Civil War|Civil War]], ending slavery "except as a punishment for crime". In 1888, [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] became the last country in the Americas to [[Golden Law|outlaw slavery]], except for the United States where slavery as punishment is legal. As the [[Empire of Japan]] annexed Asian countries, from the late 19th century onwards, archaic institutions including slavery were abolished in those countries.
During the 20th century, the [[League of Nations]] founded a number of commissions, [[Temporary Slavery Commission]] (1924–1926), [[Committee of Experts on Slavery]] (1932) and the [[Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery]] (1934–1939), which conducted international investigations of the institution of slavery and created international treaties, such as the [[1926 Slavery Convention]], to eradicate the institution worldwide.
After centuries of struggle, slavery was eventually declared illegal at the global level in 1948 under the [[United Nations]]' [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. [[Mauritania]] was the last country to officially abolish slavery, with a presidential decree in 1981.<ref>"[http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html Slavery's last stronghold]", CNN. March 2012.</ref> [[Contemporary slavery|Today, child and adult slavery]] and [[Unfree labour|forced labour]] are illegal in almost all countries, as well as being against [[international law]], but [[human trafficking]] for labour and for [[Sexual slavery|sexual bondage]] continues to affect tens of millions of adults and children.▼
After centuries of struggle, slavery was eventually declared illegal at the global level in 1948 under the [[United Nations]]' [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. By this time, the Arab world was the only region in the world where chattel slavery was still legal. [[Slavery in Saudi Arabia]], [[slavery in Yemen]] and [[slavery in Dubai]] were abolished in 1962–1963, with [[slavery in Oman]] following in 1970.
▲
==France==
===Early abolition in metropolitan France===
[[Balthild of Chelles]], herself a former slave, [[queen consort]] of Neustria and Burgundy by marriage to [[Clovis II]], became [[regent]] in 657 since the king, her son [[Chlothar III]], was only five years old. At some unknown date during her rule, she abolished the trade of slaves, although not slavery. Moreover, her (and contemporaneous [[Saint Eligius]]') favorite charity was to buy and free slaves, especially children. Slavery started to dwindle and would be superseded by [[serfdom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/eligius.asp |title=The Life of St. Eligius |translator=Jo Ann McNamara |series=Medieval Sourcebook |publisher=Fordham University |access-date=December 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/forgetfuloft_schu_1998_000_5601595 <!-- quote=Forgetfuloftheirsex:femalesanctityandsociety.--> Schulenburg, Jane. ''Forgetful of their Sex: Female Sanctity and Society, ca. 500–1100'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998]</ref>
In 1315, [[Louis X of France|Louis X]], king of France, published a decree proclaiming that "France signifies freedom" and that any slave setting foot on French soil should be freed. This prompted subsequent governments to circumscribe slavery in the [[French colonial Empire|overseas colonies]].<ref>Christopher L. Miller, [https://books.google.com/books?id=480BBURkreYC&pg=PA122 ''The French Atlantic Triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade''], Duke University Press, p. 20.</ref>
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The [[Somerset v Stewart|Somersett case]] in 1772, in which a fugitive slave was freed with the judgement that slavery did not exist under [[English common law]], helped launch the British movement to abolish slavery.<ref>Wise, Steven M., ''Though the Heavens May Fall: The Landmark Trial that Led to the End of Human Slavery'', Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 2005.</ref> Though anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, many colonies and emerging nations continued to use [[slave labour]]: [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]], [[French colonial empire|French]], [[British Empire|British]], [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]], and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] territories in the West Indies, South America, and the Southern United States. After the [[American Revolution]] established the United States, many Loyalists who fled the Northern United States immigrated to the British province of Quebec, bringing an English majority population as well as many slaves, leading the province to ban the institution in 1793 (see [[slavery in canada|Slavery in Canada]]). In the U.S., Northern states, [[An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery|beginning with Pennsylvania]] in 1780, passed legislation during the next two decades abolishing slavery, sometimes by [[Gradual emancipation (United States)|gradual emancipation]]. Vermont, which was excluded from the thirteen colonies, existed as an independent state from 1777 to 1791. Vermont abolished adult slavery in 1777. In other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans and African Americans. During the following decades, the abolitionist movement grew in northern states, and Congress heavily regulated the expansion of Slave or Free States in new territories admitted to the union (see [[Missouri compromise]]).
In 1787, the [[Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade]] was formed in London. [[French Revolution|Revolutionary France]] abolished slavery throughout its empire through the [[Law of 4 February 1794]], but [[Napoleon]] [[Law of 20 May 1802|restored it in 1802]] as part of a program to ensure sovereignty over its colonies. On March 16, 1792, Denmark became the first country to issue a decree to abolish their [[Danish slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]] from the start of 1803.<ref>{{
===Development===
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| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230622/http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fc&fn=jamesvi_trans&id=id7107
| url-status=dead
}}</ref> and continued until 1799, when [[coal mining|colliers]] and [[Drysalter|salters]] were [[emancipation|emancipated]] by an act of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] ([[39 Geo. 3]]. c. 56). Skilled workers, they were restricted to a place and could be sold with the works. A prior law enacted in 1775 ([[15 Geo. 3]]. c. 28) was intended to end what the act referred to as "a state of slavery and bondage
|last=May
|first=Thomas Erskine
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708094050/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REwedgwood.htm
|archive-date=8 July 2009
}}</ref><ref>[[Elizabeth
[[File:Thomas Clarkson by Carl Frederik von Breda.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Thomas Clarkson]] was the key speaker at the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society's (today known as [[Anti-Slavery International]]) first conference in London, 1840.]]
In the 1820s, the abolitionist movement revived to campaign against the institution of slavery itself. In 1823 the first Anti-Slavery Society, the [[Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions]], was founded. Many of its members had previously campaigned against the slave trade. On 28 August 1833, the [[Slavery Abolition Act]] was passed. It purchased the slaves from their masters and paved the way for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire by 1838,<ref>Mary Reckord, "The Colonial Office and the Abolition of Slavery." ''Historical Journal'' 14, no. 4 (1971): 723–734. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2638103 online].</ref> after which the first Anti-Slavery Society was wound up.
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In his book ''The Struggle For Equality'', historian [[James M. McPherson]] defines an abolitionist "as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional, and total abolition of slavery in the United States".<ref name="McPherson1995"/> He does not include antislavery activists such as Abraham Lincoln or the Republican Party, which called for the gradual ending of slavery.<ref name="McPherson1995">{{cite book|author=James M. McPherson|author-link=James M. McPherson|title=The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP|url=https://archive.org/details/abolitionistlega0000mcph|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/abolitionistlega0000mcph/page/4 4]|isbn=978-0-691-10039-5}}</ref>
[[Benjamin Franklin]], a slaveholder for much of his life, became a leading member of the [[Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery]], the first recognized organization for abolitionists in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|author=Seymour Stanton Black|title=Benjamin Franklin: Genius of Kites, Flights, and Voting Rights}}</ref> Following the [[American Revolutionary War]], Northern states abolished slavery, beginning with the [[Constitution of Vermont#1777|1777 Constitution of Vermont]], followed by [[Pennsylvania's gradual emancipation act in 1780]]. Other states with more of an economic interest in slaves, such as New York and New Jersey, also passed gradual emancipation laws, and by 1804, all the Northern states had abolished it, although this did not mean that already enslaved people were freed. Some had to work without wages as "[[indentured servants]]" for two more decades, although they could no longer be sold.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bernstein |first=Robin |date=2024 |title=Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |page=5}}</ref>
The 1836–1837 campaign to end free speech in [[Alton, Illinois]], culminated in the 7 November 1837 mob murder of abolitionist newspaper editor [[Elijah Parish Lovejoy]], which was covered in newspapers nationwide, causing a rise in membership in abolitionist societies. By 1840 more than 15,000 people were members of abolitionist societies in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Young people's encyclopedia of the United States|date=1993|publisher=Millbrook Press|
[[File:Abolition of slavery in the United States SVG map.svg|thumb|Abolition of slavery in the various states of the US over time:{{Legend|#84c6c9|Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the Revolutionary War}}
{{Legend|#7be3de|The Northwest Ordinance, 1787}}
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|page=1
|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34358436/amos_dresser_case_part_1/
|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> In addition, laws were passed to further repress slaves. These laws included anti-literacy laws and anti-gathering laws. The anti-gathering laws were applied to religious gatherings of free blacks and slaves. These laws, passed around the 1820–1850 period, were blamed in the South on Northern abolitionists. As one slaveowner wrote, "I can tell you. It was the abolition agitation. If the slave is not allowed to read his bible, the sin rests upon the abolitionists; for they stand prepared to furnish him with a key to it, which would make it, not a book of hope, and love, and peace, but of despair, hatred and blood; which would convert the reader, not into a Christian, but a demon. [. . .] Allow our slaves to read your writings, stimulating them to cut our throats! Can you believe us to be such unspeakable fools?"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Jerry |title=The Alphabet as Resistance: Laws Against Reading, Writing and Religion in the Slave South |publisher=Independently Published |year=2023 |isbn=9798390042335 |location=Portland, Oregon |pages=116–117}}</ref>
Abolitionism in the United States became a popular expression of [[moralism]],<ref name="Robins2004">{{cite book |last1=Robins |first1=R.G. |title=A. J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-988317-2 |language=en}}</ref> operating in tandem with other social reform efforts, such as the [[temperance movement]],<ref name="Finkelman2006">{{cite book |last1=Finkelman |first1=Paul |author-link=Paul Finkelman|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895 |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |isbn=978-0-19-516777-1 |page=228 |language=en|quote=These and other African American temperance activists – including [[James W. C. Pennington]], [[Robert Purvis]], [[William J. Watkins Sr.|William Watkins]], [[William Whipper]], [[Samuel Ringgold Ward]], [[Sarah Parker Remond]], [[Frances Ellen Watkins Harper|Frances E. Watkins Harper]], [[William Wells Brown]], and [[Frederick Douglass]] – increasingly linked temperance to a larger battle against slavery, discrimination, and racism. In churches, conventions, and newspapers, these reformers promoted an absolute and immediate rejection of both alcohol and slavery. The connection between temperance and antislavery views remained strong throughout the 1840s and 1850s. The white abolitionists [[Arthur Tappan]] and [[Gerrit Smith]] helped lead the American Temperance Union, formed in 1833. Frederick Douglass, who took the teetotaler pledge while in Scotland in 1845, claimed, "I am a temperance man because I am an anti-slavery man." Activists argued that alcohol aided slavery by keeping enslaved men and women addled and by sapping the strength of free black communities.}}</ref><ref name="VenturelliFleckenstein2017">{{cite book |last1=Venturelli |first1=Peter J. |last2=Fleckenstein |first2=Annette E. |title=Drugs and Society |date=2017 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-1-284-11087-6 |page=252 |language=en|quote=Because the temperance movement was closely tied to the abolitionist movement as well as to the African American church, African Americans were preeminent promoters of temperance.}}</ref> and much more problematically, the [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage movement]].
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====Civil War and final emancipation====
[[File:Mustered out, harper's weekly, little rock, AR.jpg|right|thumb|
On 16 April 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed the [[District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act]], abolishing slavery in Washington D. C. Meanwhile, the Union suddenly found itself dealing with a steady stream of escaped slaves from the South rushing to Union lines. In response, Congress passed the [[Confiscation Acts]], which essentially declared escaped slaves from the South to be confiscated war property, called [[Contraband (American Civil War)|contrabands]], so that they would not be returned to their masters in the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. Although the initial act did not mention emancipation, the second Confiscation Act, passed on 17 July 1862, stated that escaped or liberated slaves belonging to anyone who participated in or supported the rebellion "shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves
Plantation owners sometimes moved the Black people they claimed to own as far as possible out of reach of the Union army.<ref>Leon F. Litwack, ''Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery'' (1979), pp. 30–36, 105–166.</ref> By "[[Juneteenth]]" (19 June 1865, in Texas), the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all its slaves. The owners were never compensated; nor were freed slaves compensated by former owners.<ref>Michael Vorenberg, ed., ''The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents'' (2010).</ref><ref>Peter Kolchin, "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective," ''Journal of Southern History'', 81#1 (February 2015), 7–40.</ref>
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=== Cuba and Brazil ===
Brazil and Cuba were the last countries in the Western world to abolish slavery, with Brazil being the last in 1888. While actors like [[Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda]] in Brazil and [[Adelina Charuteira]] in Cuba worked to end slavery, it was enslaved people themselves who worked daily to chip away at
== Women and Abolitionism ==
The suffering of women in slavery was a common trope consistently used in
Women were also often on the forefront of the abolition movement. Authors such as Harriet Beecher Stowe (United States) and [[Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda]] (Brazil) used their novels to call into question the humanity of slavery. Women such as the [[Grimké sisters|Grimké Sisters]], [[Abigail Adams]], [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] and others used their connections to political movements to advocate for the abolition of slavery. Enslaved women such as [[Phillis Wheatley]] and Harriet Tubman took matters into their own hands by challenging the institution of slavery through their writing and their actions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCutcheon |first=Roberta |title=Woman Abolitionists |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/lesson-plan/woman-abolitionists |website=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History}}</ref> In countries like Cuba and Brazil, where
==Notable abolitionists==
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* [[Henry Highland Garnet]]
* [[William Lloyd Garrison]]
* [[Elijah P. Lovejoy]]
* [[Abbé Grégoire]]
* [[Frances Ellen Watkins Harper]]
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* ''[[The Liberty Bell (annual)|The Liberty Bell, by Friends of Freedom]]'' (1839–58): an annual [[gift book]] edited and published by [[Maria Weston Chapman]], to be sold or gifted to participants in the anti-slavery bazaars organized by the [[Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society]].
* ''[[National Anti-Slavery Standard]]'' (1840–70): the official weekly newspaper of the [[American Anti-Slavery Society]], the paper published continuously until the ratification of the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] in 1870.
* ''True Wesleyan'' (1843–present), founded by [[Orange Scott]] and Jotham Horton, this became the periodical of the [[Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)|Wesleyan Methodist Church]] and had a focus on abolitionism<ref>{{cite web |title=The True Wesleyan |url=https://secure.wesleyan.org/342/the-true-wesleyan |publisher=[[Wesleyan Church]] |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
* ''[[The Unconstitutionality of Slavery]]'' (1845): a [[pamphlet]] by [[Lysander Spooner]] advocating the view that the [[U.S. Constitution]] prohibited slavery.
* ''[[The Anti-Slavery Bugle]]'' (1845–1861): a newspaper published in [[Lisbon, Ohio|New Lisbon]] and [[Salem, Ohio|Salem]], [[Columbiana County, Ohio|Columbiana County]], [[Ohio]], and distributed locally and across the mid-west, primarily to [[Quakers]].
* ''[[The National Era]]'' (1847–60): a weekly newspaper which featured the works of [[John Greenleaf Whittier]], who served as associate editor, and first published, as a serial, [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' (1851).
* [[North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)|''North Star'']] (1847–51): an anti-slavery American newspaper published by the escaped slave, author, and abolitionist
===International===
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{{Main|Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom}}
[[File:Abolicion de la esclavitud en Venezuela.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|[[José Gregorio Monagas]] abolished slavery in [[Venezuela]] in 1854.]]
==International abolitionism==
The first international attempt to address the abolition of slavery was the [[World Anti-Slavery Convention]], organised by the [[British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society]] at Exeter Hall in London, on 12–23 June 1840. This was however an attempt made by NGOs, not by state and governments. In the late 19th century, the issue was addressed on an international level by states and governments. The [[Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90]] addressed slavery on a semi-global level via the representatives of the colonial powers. It had concluded with the [[Brussels Conference Act of 1890]]. The 1890 Act was revised by the [[Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919]].
During the 20th century the issue of slavery was addressed by the [[League of Nations]], which founded commissions to investigate and eradicate the institution of slavery and slave trade worldwide. The [[Temporary Slavery Commission]] (TSC), which was founded in 1924, conducted a global investigation and filed a report, and a convention was drawn up to hasten the total abolition of slavery and the slave trade.<ref>Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press, pp. 100–121</ref>
The [[1926 Slavery Convention]], which was founded upon the investigation of the TSC of the [[League of Nations]], was a turning point in banning global slavery.
In 1932, the League formed the [[Committee of Experts on Slavery]] (CES) to review the result and enforcement of the 1926 Slavery Convention, which resulted in a new international investigation under the first permanent slavery committee, the [[Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery]] (ACE).<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216</ref>
The ACE conducted a major international investigation on slavery and slave trade, inspecting all the colonial empires and the territories under their control between 1934 and 1939.
Article 4 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], adopted in 1948 by the [[UN General Assembly]], explicitly banned slavery.
After [[World War II]], [[chattel slavery]] was formally abolished by law in almost the entire world, with the exception of the Arabian Peninsula and some parts of Africa. Chattel slavery was still legal [[slavery in Saudi Arabia|in Saudi Arabia]], [[slavery in Yemen|in Yemen]], in [[slavery in the Trucial States|the Trucial States]] and [[slavery in Oman|in Oman]], and slaves were supplied to the Arabian Peninsula via the [[Red Sea slave trade]].
When the League of Nations was succeeded by the [[United Nations]] (UN) after [[World War II]], [[Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge]] of the [[Anti-Slavery International]] worked for the UN to continue the investigation of global slavery conducted by the ACE of the League, and in February 1950 the [[Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery]] of the United Nations was inaugurated,<ref>Miers, Suzanne (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press, pp. 323-324</ref> which ultimately resulted in the introduction of the [[Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery]].<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 326</ref>
The [[United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery]] was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including [[child slavery]].
In November 1962, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]] finally prohibited the owning of slaves in Saudi Arabia, followed by the abolition of [[slavery in Yemen]] in 1962, [[slavery in Dubai]] 1963 and [[slavery in Oman]] in 1970.
In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], which was developed from the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. Article 4 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations.
As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty. However, illegal forced labour involves millions of people in the 21st century, 43% for sexual exploitation and 32% for economic exploitation.<ref>{{cite book|editor=David P. Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of human rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=RA1-PA494|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=494–502|isbn=978-0195334029}}</ref>
In May 2004, the 22 members of the [[Arab League]] adopted the [[Arab Charter on Human Rights]], which incorporated the 1990 [[Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Slavery in Islam|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml|website=BBC.co.uk|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> which states:
{{Blockquote|text=Human beings are born free, and no one has the right to enslave, humiliate, oppress or exploit them, and there can be no subjugation but to God the Most-High. |source=Article 11, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 1990}}
Currently, the Anti-trafficking Coordination Team Initiative (ACT Team Initiative), a coordinated effort between the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Departments of Justice]], [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Homeland Security]], and [[United States Department of Labor|Labor]], addresses human trafficking.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McKee|first1=Caroline|title=U.S. works to fight modern-day slavery|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/features/2015/07/07/U-S-works-to-fight-modern-day-slavery.html|access-date=21 July 2015|date=7 July 2015}}</ref> The [[International Labour Organization]] estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally, including 5.5 million children, of which 55% are women and girls.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Trafficking|url=http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview|website=polarisproject.org|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721184701/http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview|archive-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==After abolition==
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==American abolitionist constitutionalism==
Abolitionist constitutionalism is a line of thinking which invokes the historical view of the [[Constitution of the United States]] as an abolitionist document. It calls for an appeal to constitutionalism and progressive constitutionalism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Dorothy |date=2019 |title=Abolition Constitutionalism |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/11/abolition-constitutionalism/ |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=133 |issue=1}}</ref> This vision is interdisciplinary and finds its roots in the anti-slavery movement in the United States of America and is largely based on the tenet that current state institutions, particularly the carceral system, is rooted in the transatlantic slave trade. Some constitutional abolitionists critique the claim that the Constitution was pro-slavery.<!-- I wonder if this sentence can be re-phrased to be a bit more clear, since in the next paragraph it says the original American Constitution was proslavery. --><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Barnett |first=Randy E. |author-link=Randy Barnett|date=2011 |title=Whence Comes Section One? The Abolitionist Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment |journal=Journal of Legal Analysis |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=165–263 |doi=10.1093/jla/3.1.165 |issn=1946-5319|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Radical abolitionist constitutionalism calls for the idea of dignity and the use of jurisprudence to address social inequalities.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Malkani |first=Bharat |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317054436 |title=Slavery and the Death Penalty: A Study in Abolition |date=2018-05-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-60930-0 |edition=
Whereas the original U.S. Constitution was pro-slavery, the [[Reconstruction Amendments]] can be seen as a compromise for freedom, without allowing for the full abolition. Criminal punishment was a major way that Southern states maintained the exploitation of black labour and effectively nullified the Reconstruction Amendments. This was done namely through Black Codes, harsh vagrancy laws, apprenticeship laws and extreme punishment for black people.<ref name=":0" /> The Reconstruction Amendments in their aim to promote citizenship and emancipation are believed by these thinkers to still be guiding principles in the fight for freedom and abolition.
There are suggestions that a broad reading of the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] can convey an abolitionist vision of the freedom advocated for by black people in the public sphere beyond emancipation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=James |date=2021 |title=The Constitution of Black Abolitionism: Re-Framing the Second Founding |url= |journal=University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages= |doi= |issn=}}</ref>
Section one of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] was used by many abolitionist lawyers and activists throughout the North <!-- Northern U.S. states? -->to advance the case against slavery.<ref name=":1" />
Proponents of abolitionist constitutionalism believe the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments can be used today to extend the abolitionist logics to the various current barriers to injustices that are faced by marginalized peoples.<ref name=":2" />
Just like abolitionism more generally, abolitionist constitutionalism seeks to provide a vision which will lead to the abolition of many different neoliberal state institutions, such as the [[Prison–industrial complex|prison industrial complex]], the wage system, and policing. This is tied to a belief that white supremacy is woven into the fabric of legal state institutions.<ref name=":0" />
Radical abolitionists are often marginalized. There is a belief that constitutionalism as a main tenet of radical abolitionism can change and appeal to the popular opinion more.<ref name=":2" /> Historically, slavery abolitionists have had to use the public meaning of Constitutional terms in order<!-- delete or add to 'in order'? --> in their fight against slavery.<ref name=":1" /> Constitutional abolitionists are generally in favour of incremental changes that follow the principles of the Reconstructive Amendments.<ref name=":0" />
There are debates among abolitionists, where some claim that the Constitution ought not to be treated as an abolitionist text, as it is rather used as a legal tool by the state to deny freedoms to marginalized communities; and that contemporary abolitionist work cannot be done by relying on the constitutional texts. Some argue that the narrative and scholarly literature around Reconstruction Amendments is not coherent regarding their original aims.<ref name=":0" />
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Although outlawed in most countries, slavery is nonetheless practised secretly in many parts of the world. Enslavement still takes place in the [[Human trafficking in the United States|United States]], Europe, and Latin America,<ref>[[Kevin Bales|Bales, Kevin]]. ''Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves''. University of California Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-520-25470-1}}.</ref> as well as parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia.<ref>[http://anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/slavery.htm "Does Slavery Still Exist?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406041116/http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/slavery.htm |date=6 April 2007 }} Anti-Slavery Society.</ref> Modern slavery keeps around 50 million people from exercising their freedom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/how-we-work/|title=''How we work to end slavery''|publisher=Anti-Slavery International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319132359/https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/how-we-work/ |archive-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> In Mauritania alone, estimates are that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved. Many of them are used as [[bonded labour]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm |title=Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law |work=BBC News |date=9 August 2007}}</ref>
Modern-day abolitionists have emerged over the last several years, as awareness of slavery around the world has grown, with groups such as [[Anti-Slavery International]], the [[American Anti-Slavery Group]], [[International Justice Mission]], and [[Free the Slaves]] working to rid the world of slavery.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Epps|first=Henry|title=A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American People
In the United States, The Action Group to End Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery is a coalition of NGOs, [[Foundation (nonprofit organization)|foundations]] and corporations working to develop a policy agenda for abolishing slavery and human trafficking. Since 1997, the [[United States Department of Justice]] has, through work with the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]], prosecuted six individuals in Florida on charges of slavery in the agricultural industry. These prosecutions have led to freedom for over 1000 enslaved workers in the tomato and orange fields of South Florida. This is only one example of the contemporary fight against slavery worldwide. Slavery exists most widely in agricultural labour, apparel and sex industries, and service jobs in some regions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Kathrine Lynn|last2=Bendixsen|first2=Casper G.|date=2 January 2017|title='When This Breaks Down, It's Black Gold': Race and Gender in Agricultural Health and Safety|journal=Journal of Agromedicine|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=56–65|doi=10.1080/1059924X.2016.1251368|pmid=27782783|s2cid=4251094|issn=1059-924X|pmc=10782830}}</ref>
In 2000, the United States passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA) "to combat trafficking in persons, especially into the sex trade, slavery, and involuntary servitude
In 2014, for the first time in history major Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox Christian leaders, as well as Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist leaders, met to sign a shared commitment against modern-day slavery; the declaration they signed calls for the elimination of slavery and human trafficking by 2020.<ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite news|url=http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/6256640|title=Pope Francis And Other Religious Leaders Sign Declaration Against Modern Slavery|newspaper=The Huffington Post|date=2 December 2014|last1=Belardelli|first1=Giulia}}</ref>
[[File:13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png|thumb|Map of states where slave [[Penal labor in the United States|prison labor]] is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022<ref name="Radde">{{Cite web |last=Radde |first=Kaitlyn |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Louisiana voters rejected an antislavery ballot measure. The reasons are complicated |website=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137398039/louisiana-voters-rejected-an-antislavery-ballot-measure-the-reason-is-complicate}}</ref>{{legend|#FF0000;|permitted}}{{legend|#1AA7EE;|forbidden}}{{legend|#E8E8E8;|no mention in constitution}}]]The [[United States Department of State]] publishes the annual Trafficking in Persons Report, identifying countries as either Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 2 Watch List or Tier 3, depending upon three factors: "(1) The extent to which the country is a country of origin, transit, or destination for severe forms of trafficking; (2) The extent to which the government of the country does not comply with the TVPA's minimum standards including, in particular, the extent of the government's trafficking-related corruption; and (3) The resources and capabilities of the government to address and eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105376.htm |title=US Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2008, Introduction |date=10 June 2008 |publisher=state.gov}}</ref>
The 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States "except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted
==See also==
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* {{Lang|es|italic=no|[[Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud]]}}, in Puerto Rico
* [[Representation of slavery in European art]]
* [[Slavery in Britain]]
* [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean]]
* [[Slavery in the United States]]
* [[Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom]]
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===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
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==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Bader-Zaar, Birgitta, [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011120524 "Abolitionism in the Atlantic World: The Organization and Interaction of Anti-Slavery Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries"], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2010; retrieved 14 June 2012.
* Blackwell, Marilyn S. {{"'}}Women Were Among Our Primeval Abolitionists': Women and Organized Antislavery in Vermont, 1834–1848", ''Vermont History'', 82 (Winter-Spring 2014), 13–44.
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* Sinha, Manisha. ''The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition'' (Yale UP, 2016) 784 pp; Highly detailed coverage of the American movement
* Thomas, Hugh. ''The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870'' (2006)
* Unangst, Matthew. "Manufacturing Crisis: Anti-slavery
*
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Collier's
* [https://www.abolitionseminar.org/lesson-plans/ The Abolitionist Seminar], summaries, lesson plans, documents and illustrations for schools; focus on United States
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227154013/http://americanabolitionist.liberalarts.iupui.edu/index.htm American Abolitionism], summaries and documents; focus on United States
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* [http://histclo.com/Act/work/slave/ast/abol.html Abolitionist movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407104924/http://histclo.com/act/work/slave/ast/abol.html |date=7 April 2011 }}
* Raymond James Krohn, [http://uscivilliberties.org/themes/2959-abolitionist-movement.html "Abolitionist Movement"], Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in the United States
* [http://www.parliament.uk/slavetrade Largest Surviving Anti Slave Trade Petition] from Manchester, UK 1806
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120103172434/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/ "Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade"] – schools resource
* [https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice]
{{Underground Railroad}}
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