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[[File:Punch.jpg|thumb|1867 edition of ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'', a ground-breaking British magazine of popular humour, including a great deal of satire of the contemporary, social, and political scene]]
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{{Performing arts}}
'''Satire''' is a [[genre]] of the [[visual arts|visual]], [[literature|literary]], and [[performing art]]s, usually in the form of [[fiction]] and less frequently [[Nonfiction|non-fiction]], in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, often with the intent of exposing or shaming the perceived flaws of individuals, corporations, government, or society itself into improvement.{{Sfn | Elliott | 2004}} Although satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose is often constructive [[social criticism]], using [[wit]] to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society.
A prominent feature of satire is strong [[irony]] or [[sarcasm]]—"in satire, irony is [[wikt:militant|militant]]", according to [[Literary criticism|literary critic]] [[Northrop Frye]]—<ref>{{cite book|title=Anatomy of Criticism|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofcritici0000frye|url-access=registration|last=Frye|first=Northrup|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton UP|year=1957|isbn = 0-691-06004-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofcritici0000frye/page/222 222]}}</ref> but [[parody]], [[burlesque (literary)|burlesque]], [[exaggeration]],<ref name="Claridge2010p257"/> [[juxtaposition]], comparison, analogy, and [[double entendre]] are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. This "militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to question.
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{{See also|Satires of Juvenal}}
Juvenalian satire, named for the writings of the Roman satirist [[Juvenal]] (late first century – early second century AD), is more contemptuous and abrasive than the Horatian. Juvenal disagreed with the opinions of the public figures and institutions of the Republic and actively attacked them through his literature. "He utilized the satirical tools of exaggeration and parody to make his targets appear monstrous and incompetent".<ref name="wisegeek.com">{{
Following in this tradition, Juvenalian satire addresses perceived social evil through scorn, outrage, and savage ridicule. This form is often pessimistic, characterized by the use of irony, sarcasm, moral indignation and personal invective, with less emphasis on humor. Strongly polarized political satire can often be classified as Juvenalian.
A Juvenal satirist's goal is generally to provoke some sort of political or societal change because he sees his opponent or object as evil or harmful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.literarydevices.com/satire/|title=Satire Examples and Definition|work=Literary Devices|date=January 30, 2015}}</ref> A Juvenal satirist mocks "societal structure, power, and civilization"<ref name="k887">{{
====Menippean====
===Satire vis-à-vis teasing===
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=== Ancient and modern India ===
Satire (''Kataksh'' or ''Vyang'') has played a prominent role in [[Indian literature|Indian]] and [[Hindi literature]], and is counted as one of the "[[Rasa (aesthetics)|ras]]" of literature in ancient books.<ref>{{cite web |title=हास्य व्यंग्य कविता हिन्दी में Hasya Vyangya Kavita In Hindi funny poetry |url = https://suvicharhindi.com/hasya-vyangya-kavita-hindi/ |website = suvicharhindi.com |date = November 4, 2016 |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> With the commencement of printing of books in local language in the nineteenth century and especially after India's freedom, this grew.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pritam |first=Sarojani |title=51 Shresth Vyang Rachnayen |publisher=Diamond pocket books}}</ref> Many of the works of [[Tulsi Das]], [[Kabir]], [[Munshi Premchand]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Premchand |first1=Munshi |last2=Gopal |first2=Madan |title=My Life and Times |publisher=Roli Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Premchand |first1=Munshi |title=Premchand Ki Amar Kahaniyan}}</ref> village minstrels, [[Harikatha|Hari katha]] singers, poets, Dalit singers and current day stand up Indian comedians incorporate satire, usually ridiculing authoritarians, fundamentalists and incompetent people in power.<ref name="modisong">{{cite web |last1=Shankarji |title=The Modi song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sh3mlMAkXrE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/sh3mlMAkXrE| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|website=Rough cut productions |date=February 24, 2019 |publisher=Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan |access-date=April 16, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author-first1=Suprateek|author-last1=Chatterjee|title=Kunal Kamra: The accidental revolutionary |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/C39AsWWaic7qvGsONZNCnJ/Kunal-Kamra-The-accidental-revolutionary.html |access-date=April 16, 2019 |newspaper=Live Mint |date=March 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat Varsity Cancels Show by 'Anti-National' Comedian Kunal Kamra After Alumni Complaint |url=https://thewire.in/humour/kunal-kamra |access-date=April 16, 2019 |publisher=The Wire}}</ref> In India, it has usually been used as a means of expression and an outlet for common people to express their anger against authoritarian entities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyagi |first1=Ravindranath |title=Urdu Hindi Hashya Vyang |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan}}</ref> A popular custom in Northern India of "Bura na mano Holi hai" continues, in which comedians on the stage mock local people of importance (who are usually brought in as special guests).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sekhri |first1=Abhinandan |title=Interview with Kunal Kamra |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/ |access-date=April 19, 2019 |publisher=News laundry |date=April 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gujarati |first1=Ashok |title=Vyang Ke Rang |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaimini |first1=Arun |title=Hasya Vyang Ki Shikhar Kavitaye |year=2013 |publisher=Rādhākr̥shṇa |isbn=978-8183615686}}</ref>
===Age of Enlightenment===
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Novelists such as [[Charles Dickens]] (1812–1870) often used passages of satiric writing in their treatment of social issues.
Continuing the tradition of Swiftian journalistic satire, [[Sidney Godolphin Osborne]] (1808–1889) was the most prominent writer of scathing "Letters to the Editor" of the London ''[[
A number of works of fiction during this time, influenced by [[Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination|Egyptomania]],<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Brio|first=Sara|date=2018|title=The Shocking Truth: Science, Religion, and Ancient Egypt in Early Nineteenth-Century Fiction|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08905495.2018.1484608 |journal=Nineteenth-Century Contexts|volume=40|issue=4|pages=331–344|doi=10.1080/08905495.2018.1484608 |s2cid=194827445|via=Taylor and Francis Online}}</ref> used the backdrop of Ancient Egypt as a device for satire. Some works, like [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s ''[[Some Words with a Mummy]]'' (1845) and [[Grant Allen]]'s ''My New Year's Eve Among the Mummies'' (1878), portrayed Egyptian civilization as having already achieved many of the Victorian era's advancements (like the [[steam engine]] and [[gaslamp]]s) in an effort to satire the notion of progress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dobson|first=Eleanor |title=Gods and Ghost-Light: Ancient Egypt, Electricity, and X-Rays|date=2017|journal=Victorian Literature and Culture|volume=45|issue=1|pages=121 |doi=10.1017/S1060150316000462|s2cid=165064168|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other works, like [[Jane Loudon|Jane Loudon's]] ''[[The Mummy!: Or a Tale of the Twenty-Second Century]]'', satirized Victorian curiosities with the afterlife.<ref name=":02" />
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[[Joseph Heller]]'s most famous work, ''[[Catch-22]]'' (1961), satirizes bureaucracy and the military, and is frequently cited as one of the greatest literary works of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1868619.stm |title=What is Catch-22? And why does the book matter? |publisher= BBC | date=March 12, 2002}}</ref> Departing from traditional Hollywood [[farce]] and [[screwball comedy film|screwball]], director and comedian [[Jerry Lewis]] used satire in his self-directed films ''[[The Bellboy]]'' (1960), ''[[The Errand Boy]]'' (1961) and ''[[The Patsy (1964 film)|The Patsy]]'' (1964) to comment on celebrity and the star-making machinery of Hollywood.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/critics-notebook-jerry-lewis-a-comic-genius-by-turns-sweet-bitter-1031194|first=Stephen|last=Dalton|title=Critics Notebook: Jerry Lewis a Comic Genius by Turns Sweet and Bitter|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 21, 2017}}</ref> The film ''[[Dr. Strangelove]]'' (1964) starring [[Peter Sellers]] was a popular satire on the [[Cold War]]. Sellers and the British satire boom had a direct influence on the comedy troupe [[Monty Python]].<ref>[http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1377417/index.html "The Roots of Monty Python"]. BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 26 November 2023</ref> ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine called ''[[Monty Python's Life of Brian]]'' (1979) "an unrivalled satire on religion".<ref>{{cite news |title=The 100 best British films |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/100britishfilms/ |access-date=26 September 2023|work=Empire}}</ref>
[[Nonoy Marcelo|Severino "Nonoy" Marcelo]]'s 1978 Philippine [[Adult animation|adult animated]] comedy film, ''[[Tadhana (film)|Tadhana]]'', presents a satirical, humorous and poignant view of the Philippines' history of [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonization]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Tadhana by Ferdinand E. Marcos |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/29/tadhana-by-ferdinand-e-marcos |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en}}</ref>
===Contemporary satire===▼
▲=== Contemporary satire ===
Contemporary popular usage of the term "satire" is often very imprecise. While satire often uses [[caricature]] and [[parody]], by no means are all uses of these or other humorous devices satiric. Refer to the careful definition of satire that heads this article. ''The Cambridge Companion to Roman Satire'' also warns of the ambiguous nature of satire: {{blockquote|[W]hile "satire," or perhaps rather "satiric(al)," are words we run up against constantly in analyses of contemporary culture [...], the search for any defining formal charcteristic (sic) [of satire] that will link past to present may turn out to be more frustrating than enlightening.<ref name=Rome>Freudenburg, Kirk (2001). ''Satires of Rome: Threatening Poses from Lucilius to Juvenal.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 299. {{ISBN|0-521-00621-X}}.</ref>}}
[[File:Spitting Image Puppet of Eric Cantona (2956625432).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Puppet of Manchester United striker [[Eric Cantona]] from the British satirical puppet show ''[[Spitting Image]]'']]
Satire is used on many UK television programmes, particularly popular panel shows and quiz shows such as ''[[Mock the Week]]'' (2005–2022) and ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' (1990–ongoing). It is found on radio quiz shows such as ''[[The News Quiz]]'' (1977–ongoing) and ''[[The Now Show]]'' (
Created by [[DMA Design]] in 1997, satire features prominently in the British video game series ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]''.<ref>Embrick DG, Talmadge J. Wright TJ, Lukacs A (2012). ''Social Exclusion, Power, and Video Game Play: New Research in Digital Media and Technology'', Lexington Books, p. 19, {{ISBN|9780739138625}}. Quote: "In-game television programs and advertisements, radio stations, and billboards provide a running satirical commentary on the state of civilization in general, and on the roles of males in particular."</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GTA 5: a Great British export|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/10316267/GTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/10316267/GTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=September 29, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Another example is the ''[[Fallout (franchise)|Fallout]]'' series, namely [[Interplay Entertainment|Interplay]]-developed ''[[Fallout (video game)|Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game]]'' (1995).<ref>Canavan G, Robinson KS (2014). ''Green Planets: Ecology and Science Fiction'', Wesleyan University Press, p. 278, {{ISBN|9780819574282}}.</ref> Other games utilizing satire include ''[[Postal (video game)|Postal]]'' (1997),<ref name=GothicWorld>Byron G, Townshend D (2013). ''The Gothic World''. Routledge. p. 456. {{ISBN|9781135053062}}. Quote: "[P]resent themselves as deliberately controversial, incorporating hyper-violent gameplay, dark social satire and conspicuous political incorrectness[.]"</ref> ''[[State of Emergency (video game)|State of Emergency]]'' (2002),<ref name=GothicWorld/> ''[[Phone Story]]'' (2011), and ''[[7 Billion Humans]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yi|first=Sherry|title='Is This a Joke?': The Delivery of Serious Content through Satirical Digital Games|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=875507|journal=Acta Ludologica|year=2020|volume=1|issue=1|pages=18–30|via=CEEOL}}</ref>
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In Hong Kong, there was a well-known Australian [[Kim Jong-un]] [[impersonator]] [[Howard X]] whom often utilised satire to show his support for Hong Kong city's pro-democracy movements and liberation of North Korea. He believed that humour is a very powerful weapon and he often made it clear that he imitates the dictator to satirize him, not to glorify him. Throughout his career as a professional impersonator, he had also worked with multiple organisations and celebrities to create parodies and to stir up conversations of politics and human rights.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Meet Howard X, the Dictator Doppelgänger From Hong Kong |url=https://time.com/5549634/howard-x-kim-jung-un-impersonator/ |magazine=Time |publisher=Amy Gunia |date=29 March 2019 }}</ref>
Cartoonists often use satire as well as straight humour. [[Al Capp]]'s satirical [[comic strip]] ''[[Li'l Abner]]'' was censored in September 1947. The controversy, as reported in ''Time'', centred on Capp's portrayal of the US Senate. Said Edward Leech of Scripps-Howard, "We don't think it is good editing or sound citizenship to picture the Senate as an assemblage of freaks and crooks... boobs and undesirables."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804275,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023081224/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804275,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2007 |title=Tain't Funny – ''Time'' |publisher=[[Time
[[File:2014- 02 - Obama and Putin, by Ranan Lurie.png|thumb|Political satire by [[Ranan Lurie]]]]
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* In 1975, the first episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' included an ad for a triple blade razor called the Triple-Trac; in 2001, [[Gillette (brand)|Gillette]] introduced the Mach3. In 2004, ''[[The Onion]]'' satirized [[Schick (razors)|Schick]] and Gillette's marketing of ever-increasingly multi-blade razors with a mock article proclaiming Gillette will now introduce a five-blade razor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fuck Everything, We're Doing Five Blades|date=February 18, 2004 |url=https://www.theonion.com/fuck-everything-were-doing-five-blades-1819584036|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116162510/https://www.theonion.com/fuck-everything-were-doing-five-blades-1819584036|archive-date=November 16, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2020|publisher=The Onion}}</ref> In 2006, Gillette released the [[Gillette Fusion]], a five-blade razor.
* After the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Iran nuclear deal]] in 2015, ''[[The Onion]]'' ran an article with the headline "U.S. Soothes Upset Netanyahu With Shipment Of Ballistic Missiles". Sure enough, reports broke the next day of the Obama administration offering military upgrades to Israel in the wake of the deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.666977 |title=Where Satire Meets Truth: Did The Onion Just Predict a Real Israeli Headline? |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=January 1, 2016}}</ref>
* In July 2016, ''[[The Simpsons]]'' released the most recent in a string of satirical references to a potential [[Donald Trump]] presidency (although the first was made back [[Bart to the Future|in a 2000 episode]]). Other media sources, including the popular film ''[[Back to the Future Part II]]'' have also made similar satirical references.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/10/simpsons-predicted-president-trump-back-to-the-future |title=Back to the future: how the Simpsons and others predicted President Trump |
* ''[[Infinite Jest]]'', published in 1996, described an alternate America following the presidency of Johnny Gentle, a celebrity who had not held prior political office. Gentle's signature policy was the erection of a wall between the United States and Canada for use as a hazardous waste dump. The US territory behind the wall was "given" to Canada, and the Canadian government was forced to pay for the wall. This appeared to parody the signature campaign promise and background of [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/blog-post/donald-trump-wants-build-wall-border-mexico-can-he-do-it |title=Donald Trump wants to build a wall on the border with Mexico. Can he do it? |newspaper=PBS |access-date=August 3, 2020}}</ref>
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