|
| image_caption = [[Stump-tailed macaque]]s
| image2 = Schimpanse, Pan troglodytes 3.JPG
| image2_caption = [[Chimpanzee]]s (''Pan troglodytes'') at Walter Zoo, [[Gossau, St. Gallen]], Switzerland
| taxon = Catarrhini
| authority = [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812<ref name=msw3/><ref name=":4" />
* [[Cercopithecoidea]]
* [[Hominoidea]] (apes)
<br />
'''sister:''' [[Platyrrhini]]
| synonyms = * Catarrhine monkeys
* Old World anthropoids
}}
The [[parvorder]] '''Catarrhini''' {{IPAc-en|k|æ|t|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|n|aɪ}}, (known commonly as '''catarrhine monkeys''', '''Old World anthropoids''', or '''Old World monkeys''',) consists of the [[Cercopithecoidea]] and [[ape]]s (Hominoidea). In 1812, [[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy]] grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", ("''singes de l'Ancien Monde''" in [[French language|French]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="TNHMA">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/generalintroduct00martrich|title=A General Introduction to The Natural History Mamminferous Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of Man, and the More Closely Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys|last=Martin|first=W.C. Linnaeus|publisher=Wright and Co. printers|year=1841|location=London|pages=339, 340, 361}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Buffon |first=Georges Louis Leclerc comte de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOwEAAAAYAAJ&dq=sapajous+sagoins+buffon+regarder&pg=PA61 |title=Oeuvres complètes de Buffon: avec les descriptions anatomiques de Daubenton, son collaborateur |date=1827 |publisher=Verdière et Ladrange |pages=61 |language=fr |access-date=2022-04-14 |archive-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129103206/https://books.google.com/books?id=wOwEAAAAYAAJ&dq=sapajous+sagoins+buffon+regarder&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q=sapajous%20sagoins%20buffon%20regarder&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|first=M.É.|date=1812|title=Tableau des Quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier Ordre de la Classe des Mammifères|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23270#page/107/mode/1up|journal=Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle|location=Paris|volume=19|pages=85–122|access-date=2019-03-26|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091031/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23270#page/107/mode/1up|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bugge|first=J.|date=1974|title=Chapter 4|journal=Cells Tissues Organs|language=en|volume=87|issue=Suppl. 62|pages=32–43|doi=10.1159/000144209|issn=1422-6405}}</ref>{{overcite|date=April 2024}} Its sister in the infraorder [[Simiiformes]] is the parvorder [[Platyrrhini]] (New World monkeys).<ref name=":4" /> There has been some resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys despite the scientific evidence, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or the Catarrhini.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini|last=Osman Hill|first=W.C.|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1953|series=Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3|pages=53|oclc=500576914|author-link=William Charles Osman Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/introduction/chapter_english01.html|title=Thomas Geissmann's Gibbon Research Lab.: Die Gibbons (Hylobatidae): Eine Einführung|website=www.gibbons.de|access-date=2019-03-15|archive-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326101033/http://www.gibbons.de/main/introduction/chapter_english01.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/reconstruction-ancient-chromosomes-offers-insight-mammalian-evolution|title=Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution|date=2017-06-21|website=UC Davis|language=EN|access-date=2019-03-20|archive-date=2023-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526122051/https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/reconstruction-ancient-chromosomes-offers-insight-mammalian-evolution|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Archibald|first=J. David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VgkZBQAAQBAJ&q=Simiadae%20darwin&pg=PA108|title=Aristotle's Ladder, Darwin's Tree: The Evolution of Visual Metaphors for Biological Order|date=2014-07-15|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231164122|language=en|access-date=2020-11-09|archive-date=2023-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129103210/https://books.google.com/books?id=VgkZBQAAQBAJ&q=Simiadae%20darwin&pg=PA108#v=snippet&q=Simiadae%20darwin&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lacoste|first1=Vincent|last2=Lavergne|first2=Anne|last3=Ruiz-García|first3=Manuel|last4=Pouliquen|first4=Jean-François|last5=Donato|first5=Damien|last6=James|first6=Samantha|date=2018-09-15|title=DNA Polymerase Sequences of New World Monkey Cytomegaloviruses: Another Molecular Marker with Which To Infer Platyrrhini Systematics|journal=Journal of Virology|language=en|volume=92|issue=18|pages=e00980–18|doi=10.1128/JVI.00980-18|issn=0022-538X|pmc=6146696|pmid=29976674}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=James|first1=Samantha|last2=Donato|first2=Damien|last3=Pouliquen|first3=Jean-François|last4=Ruiz-García|first4=Manuel|last5=Lavergne|first5=Anne|last6=Lacoste|first6=Vincent|date=2018-07-05|title=DNA Polymerase Sequences of New World Monkey Cytomegaloviruses: Another Molecular Marker with Which To Infer Platyrrhini Systematics|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=92|issue=18|language=EN|doi=10.1128/JVI.00980-18|pmc=6146696|pmid=29976674}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marc Luetjens|first1=C.|last2=Weinbauer|first2=Gerhard F.|last3=Wistuba|first3=Joachim|date=2007-03-15|title=Primate spermatogenesis: new insights into comparative testicular organisation, spermatogenic efficiency and endocrine control|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1017/S1464793105006755|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=80|issue=3|pages=475–488|doi=10.1017/S1464793105006755|pmid=16094809|s2cid=21241457|issn=1464-7931|access-date=2022-01-02|archive-date=2023-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129103202/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1464793105006755|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Osorio |first=Daniel |date=2021-08-19 |editor-last=Simmons |editor-first=Leigh |title=What is primate color vision for? a comment on Caro et al. |url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/32/4/571/6331674 |journal=Behavioral Ecology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=571–572 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arab050 |issn=1045-2249 |doi-access=free |access-date=2022-03-07 |archive-date=2022-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307121826/https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article/32/4/571/6331674 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nakamura |first1=Tomonori |last2=Fujiwara |first2=Kohei |last3=Saitou |first3=Mitinori |last4=Tsukiyama |first4=Tomoyuki |date=2021-05-11 |title=Non-human primates as a model for human development |journal=Stem Cell Reports |language=English |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1093–1103 |doi=10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.021 |issn=2213-6711 |pmc=8185448 |pmid=33979596}}</ref>{{overcite|date=April 2024}} That apes are monkeys was already realized by [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] in the 18th century.<ref name="TNHMA"/> [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] placed this group in 1758 together with what we now recognise as the [[tarsier]]s and the New World monkeys, in a single genus "''[[Simia]]''" (sans ''[[Homo]]'').<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Linné |first1=Carl von |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277 |title=Caroli Linnaei...Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |last2=Salvius |first2=Lars |date=1758 |publisher=Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii |volume=1 |location=Holmiae |access-date=2022-04-28 |archive-date=2017-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030419/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Catarrhini are all native to [[Africa]] and [[Asia]]. Members of this [[parvorder]] are called '''catarrhines'''.
The Catarrhini are the sister group to the New World monkeys, the [[Platyrrhini]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10914-016-9366-5 |title=Evolutionary Significance of the Entepicondylar Foramen of the Humerus in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=25 |pages=141–151 |year=2018 |last1=Garbino |first1=Guilherme Siniciato Terra |last2=De Aquino |first2=Carla Cristina|s2cid=3268953 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.08.001 |pmid=27765146 |title=Stem members of Platyrrhini are distinct from catarrhines in at least one derived cranial feature |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=100 |pages=16–24 |year=2016 |last1=Fulwood |first1=Ethan L. |last2=Boyer |first2=Doug M. |last3=Kay |first3=Richard F.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs375 |chapter=Primate sexuality |title=The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality |pages=861–1042 |year=2015 |last1=Dixson |first1=Alan |isbn=9781118896877}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Takai|first1=Masanaru|last2=Maung-Maung|last3=Sein|first3=Chit|last4=Soe|first4=Aung Naing|last5=Thaung-Htike|last6=Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein|date=2017-01-01|title=Chapter 9 Review of the investigation of primate fossils in Myanmar|journal=Geological Society, London, Memoirs|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=185–206|doi=10.1144/M48.9|s2cid=90910477|issn=0435-4052}}</ref> Some six million years before the ape - Cercopithecoidea bifurcation, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean.
Most catarrhine species show considerable [[sexual dimorphism]] and do not form a [[pair bond]]. Most, but not all, species live in social groups.{{citation needed|date=August 2010}} Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generally [[diurnality|diurnal]],<ref name=chimpanzoo>{{cite web | url = http://www.chimpanzoo.org/catarrhi.html | title = Catarrhini Infraorder | publisher = ChimpanZoo (The Jane Goodall Institute) | access-date = January 1, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121015085243/http://www.chimpanzoo.org/catarrhi.html | archive-date = 15 October 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> and have grasping hands and (with the exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet.
The apes – in both traditional and [[phylogenic]] nomenclature – are exclusively catarrhine species. In traditional usage, '''ape''' describes any tailless, larger, and more typically ground-dwelling species of catarrhine. "Ape" may be found as part of the common name of such species, such as the [[Barbary ape]]. In phylogenic usage, the term ape applies only to the [[Taxonomic rank#Ranks in zoology|superfamily]] [[Hominoidea]]. This grouping comprises the two families: [[Hylobatidae]], the [[lesser apes]] or [[gibbon]]s,gibbons; and [[Hominidae]], the great apes, including [[orangutan]]s, [[gorilla]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s,pan [[bonobo(genus)|chimpanzees]]s, [[human]]s, and related extinct genera, such as the prehuman [[australopithecinesaustralopithecine]]s and the giant orangutan relative ''[[Gigantopithecus]]''.
==Classification and evolution==
According to Schrago & Russo, New World monkeys split from their Old World kin about 35 million years ago (Mya). They use the major catarrhine division between [[cercopithecoid]]s and [[hominoid]]s of about 25 Mya (which they argue is strongly supported by the fossil evidence), as a calibration point, and from this also calculate the [[Hylobates|gibbons]] separating from the [[great apesape]]s (including humans) about 15-19 Mya.<ref name= Schrago>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msg172 |pmid=12832653 |title=Timing the Origin of New World Monkeys |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1620–1625 |year=2003 |last1=Schrago |first1=C. G. |last2=Russo |first2=C. A.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with the first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya.<ref name="Begun2012">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9781118332344.ch20 |chapter=Catarrhine Origins |title=A Companion to Paleoanthropology |pages=376–396 |year=2013 |last1=Harrison |first1=Terry |isbn=9781118332344}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
*{{cite web | url = https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/BIOL121/%CE%95%CE%A0%CE%99%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%93%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91%20%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%91/PrimateEvolution.pdf | title = Primate Evolution | access-date = 2010-08-21 | last = Sellers | first = Bill | date = 2000-10-20}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.11.007 |pmid=15737392 |title=Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: Concordance with fossil and nuclear DNA evidence |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=237–257 |year=2005 |last1=Raaum |first1=Ryan L. |last2=Sterner |first2=Kirstin N. |last3=Noviello |first3=Colleen M. |last4=Stewart |first4=Caro-Beth |last5=Disotell |first5=Todd R.}}
== External links ==
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Catarrhini}}
[[Category:Catarrhini| ]]
[[Category:Monkeys]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]]
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