Pioneer Venus Multiprobe: Difference between revisions

{{short description|AmericanNASA roboticatmospheric spacecraft sendmission to Venus in (1978; last spacecraft in Pioneer program)}}

| image_caption = Artist's impression of the five components of ''Pioneer Venus13'' Multiprobeapproaching Venus

| operator = [[NASA]]{{\}}[[Ames Research Center|ARCAmes]]

| website = [httphttps://nssdc.gsfcscience.nasa.gov/planetarymission/pioneer_venuspioneer-venus-2/ science.html National Space Science Data Center (NASA)nasa.gov]

| mission_duration = 4 months,{{time 1 day,interval|8 13Aug hours,1978|9 22Dec minutes1978}}

| launch_rocket = [[Atlas-Centaur|Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR]] (AC-51)

| last_contact = December 9, 1978, 20:22:55&nbsp;UTC <br><small>(main bus)</small><br />{{end-date|December 9, 1978, 20:55:34|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC <br><small>(dayDay probe)</small>

| programme = '''[[Pioneer program|Pioneer]]'' ([[Pioneer Venus project|Pioneer Venus]])'

The '''Pioneer Venus Multiprobe''', also known as '''Pioneer Venus 2''' or '''Pioneer 13''', was a spacecraft launched in 1978 to explore [[Venus]] as part of [[NASA]]'s [[Pioneer program]]. This part of the mission included a [[Satellite bus|spacecraft bus]] which was launched from Earth. The bus carryingcarried one large and three smaller probes, which, after separating, each penetrated the Venusian atmosphere at a different location, returning data as they descended into the planet's thick atmosphere. The entryentries occurred on December 9, 1978.

The spacecraft carried one large and three small atmospheric probes, designed by Senior Scientist and Program Manager Irwin Baker of Hughes Aircraft Company, to collect data as they descended into the [[atmosphere of Venus]]. The probes did not carry photographic instruments, and were not designed to survive landing – the smaller probes were not equipped with parachutes, and the larger probe's parachute was expected to detach as it neared the ground. All four probes continued transmitting data until impact; however, one survived and continued to transmit data from the surface.

The radio signals from all four probes were also used to characterize the winds, turbulence, and propagation in the atmosphere. The small probes were each targeted at different parts of the planet and were named accordingly.<ref name=":0">[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/pvprobes.html Pioneer Venus Probes]. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2005.</ref>

Below thean altitude of {{convert|50|km}} the temperatures measured by the four probes arewere identical to within a few degrees. They are, between {{convert|448|and|459|C}} on the surface.; Thethe ground pressure is, between {{convert|86.2|and|94.5|bar}}. Nephelometers identified three [[cloud]] layers with different characteristics. The most remarkable discovery was that the ratio of [[Argon|³⁶argon]] / [[Argon|⁴⁰argon]] [[isotope]]s was much higher than in the Earth's atmosphere, which seems to indicate that the genesis of the [[Atmosphere of Venus|Venusian atmosphere]] is very different from that of [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's]]. The reconstituted trajectory of the atmospheric probes was determined that the wind averaged a speed of {{convert|200|m/s}} in the middle cloud layer at, {{convert|50|m/s}} at the base of these clouds and just {{convert|1|m/s}} aton the ground. Overall data from airborne sensors confirmed, whileand specifyingrefined the data obtained by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] space probe [[Venera]] program that preceded thisthe American mission to Venus.<ref>Paolo Ulivi et David M. Harland, ''Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part 1'', The Golden Age 1957–1982, Springer Praxis, 2007 ({{ISBN|978-0-387-49326-8}})</ref>

{{reflist|refs}}

=== External linksBibliography ===

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748508|title=Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/41|first=T. M.|last=Donahue|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=41–44|bibcode=1979Sci...205...41D|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.41|pmid=17778895|s2cid=1600807}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748509|title=Encounter with Venus: An Update|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/44|first=Lawrence|last=Colin|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=44–46|bibcode=1979Sci...205...44C|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.44|pmid=17778896|s2cid=26297893}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748510|title=Thermal Contrast in the Atmosphere of Venus: Initial Appraisal from Pioneer Venus Probe Data|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/46|first1=Alvin|last1=Seiff|first2=Donn B.|last2=Kirk|first3=Richard E.|last3=Young|first4=Simon C.|last4=Sommer|first5=Robert C.|last5=Blanchard|first6=John T.|last6=Findlay|first7=G. M.|last7=Kelly|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=46–49|bibcode=1979Sci...205...46S|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.46|pmid=17778897|s2cid=24774892}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748511|title=Composition and Structure of the Venus Atmosphere: Results from Pioneer Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/49|first1=J. H.|last1=Hoffman|first2=R. R.|last2=Hodges|first3=M. B.|last3=McElroy|first4=T. M.|last4=Donahue|first5=M.|last5=Kolpin|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=49–52|pmid=17778898|bibcode=1979Sci...205...49H|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.49|s2cid=20713222}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748512|title=Laboratory Corroboration of the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph Analyses|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/52|first1=V. I.|last1=Oyama|first2=G. C.|last2=Carle|first3=F.|last3=Woeller|first4=J. B.|last4=Pollack|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=52–54|bibcode=1979Sci...205...52O|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.52|pmid=17778899|s2cid=40293580}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748513|title=Venus Upper Atmosphere Neutral Gas Composition: First Observations of the Diurnal Variations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/54|first1=H. B.|last1=Niemann|first2=R. E.|last2=Hartle|first3=A. E.|last3=Hedin|first4=W. T.|last4=Kasprzak|first5=N. W.|last5=Spencer|first6=D. M.|last6=Hunten|first7=G. R.|last7=Carignan|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=54–56|bibcode=1979Sci...205...54N|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.54|pmid=17778900|s2cid=21839920}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748514|title=Implications of the Gas Compositional Measurements of Pioneer Venus for the Origin of Planetary Atmospheres|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/56|first1=James B.|last1=Pollack|first2=David C.|last2=Black|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=56–59|bibcode=1979Sci...205...56P|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.56|pmid=17778901|s2cid=13281057}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748515|title=Ultraviolet Night Airglow of Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/59|first1=A. Ian|last1=Stewart|first2=Charles A.|last2=Barth|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=59–62|pmid=17778902|bibcode=1979Sci...205...59S|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.59|s2cid=12841902}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748516|title=Short-Term Cyclic Variations and Diurnal Variations of the Venus Upper Atmosphere|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/62|first1=G. M.|last1=Keating|first2=F. W.|last2=Taylor|first3=J. Y.|last3=Nicholson|first4=E. W.|last4=Hinson|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=62–64|bibcode=1979Sci...205...62K|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.62|pmid=17778903|s2cid=23057356}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748517|title=Temperature, Cloud Structure, and Dynamics of Venus Middle Atmosphere by Infrared Remote Sensing from Pioneer Orbiter|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/65|first1=F. W.|last1=Taylor|first2=D. J.|last2=Diner|first3=L. S.|last3=Elson|first4=D. J.|last4=McCleese|first5=J. V.|last5=Martonchik|first6=J.|last6=Delderfield|first7=S. P.|last7=Bradley|first8=J. T.|last8=Schofield|first9=J. C.|last9=Gille|first10=M. T.|last10=Coffey|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=65–67|bibcode=1979Sci...205...65T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.65|pmid=17778904|s2cid=2023608}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748518|title=Further Results of the Pioneer Venus Nephelometer Experiment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/67|first1=Jacques|last1=Blamont|first2=Boris|last2=Ragent|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=67–70|pmid=17778905|bibcode=1979Sci...205...67B|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.67|s2cid=19155512}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748519|title=Clouds of Venus: A Preliminary Assessment of Microstructure|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/70|first1=Robert G.|last1=Knollenberg|first2=D. M.|last2=Hunten|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=70–74|bibcode=1979Sci...205...70K|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.70|pmid=17778906|s2cid=36125836}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748520|title=Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter|first1=L. D.|last1=Travis|first2=D. L.|last2=Coffeen|first3=A. D.|last3=Del Genio|first4=J. E.|last4=Hansen|first5=K.|last5=Kawabata|first6=A. A.|last6=Lacis|first7=W. A.|last7=Lane|first8=S. S.|last8=Limaye|first9=W. B.|last9=Rossow|first10=P. H.|last10=Stone|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=74–76|bibcode=1979Sci...205...74T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.74|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0b9e1a65bb884843143c2207560cba498a0bf13c|pmid=17778907|s2cid=43906539}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748521|title=Nature of the Ultraviolet Absorber in the Venus Clouds: Inferences Based on Pioneer Venus Data|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/76|first1=James B.|last1=Pollack|first2=Boris|last2=Ragent|first3=Robert|last3=Boese|first4=Martin G.|last4=Tomasko|first5=Jacques|last5=Blamont|first6=Robert G.|last6=Knollenberg|first7=Larry W.|last7=Esposito|first8=A. Ian|last8=Stewart|first9=Lawrence|last9=Travis|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=76–79|bibcode=1979Sci...205...76P|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.76|pmid=17778908|s2cid=28250903}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748522|title=Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/80|first1=Martin G.|last1=Tomasko|first2=Lyn R.|last2=Doose|first3=Peter H.|last3=Smith|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=80–82|bibcode=1979Sci...205...80T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.80|pmid=17778909|hdl=2060/19830010359|s2cid=35649934|hdl-access=free}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748523|title=Preliminary Results of the Pioneer Venus Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer Experiment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/82|first1=V. E.|last1=Suomi|first2=L. A.|last2=Sromovsky|first3=H. E.|last3=Revercomb|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=82–85|bibcode=1979Sci...205...82S|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.82|pmid=17778910|s2cid=22181310}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748524|title=Venus Winds Are Zonal and Retrograde Below the Clouds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/85|first1=C. C.|last1=Counselman|first2=S. A.|last2=Gourevitch|first3=R. W.|last3=King|first4=G. B.|last4=Loriot|first5=R. G.|last5=Prinn|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=85–87|bibcode=1979Sci...205...85C|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.85|pmid=17778911|s2cid=39737494}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748525|title=Measurements of Turbulence in the Venus Atmosphere Deduced from Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Radio Scintillations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/87|first1=Richard|last1=Woo|first2=J. W.|last2=Armstrong|first3=William B.|last3=Kendall|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=87–89|bibcode=1979Sci...205...87W|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.87|pmid=17778912|s2cid=10233431}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748526|title=Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/90|first1=Gordon H.|last1=Pettengill|first2=Peter G.|last2=Ford|first3=Walter E.|last3=Brown|first4=William M.|last4=Kaula|first5=Harold|last5=Masursky|first6=Eric|last6=Eliason|first7=George E.|last7=McGill|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=90–93|bibcode=1979Sci...205...90P|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.90|pmid=17778913|s2cid=12582229}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748527|title=Gravity Field of Venus: A Preliminary Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/93|first1=Roger J.|last1=Phillips|first2=William L.|last2=Sjogren|first3=Elsa A.|last3=Abbott|first4=John C.|last4=Smith|first5=Ray N.|last5=Wimberly|first6=Cari A.|last6=Wagner|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=93–96|bibcode=1979Sci...205...93P|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.93|pmid=17778914|s2cid=21557337}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748528|title=Ionosphere of Venus: First Observations of Day-Night Variations of the Ion Composition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/96|first1=Harry A.|last1=Taylor|first2=Henry C.|last2=Brinton|first3=Siegfried J.|last3=Bauer|first4=Richard E.|last4=Hartle|first5=Paul A.|last5=Cloutier|first6=Robert E.|last6=Daniell|first7=Thomas M.|last7=Donahue|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=96–99|bibcode=1979Sci...205...96T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.96|pmid=17778915|s2cid=11269827}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748529|title=Initial Observations of the Nightside Ionosphere of Venus from Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radio Occultations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/99|first1=A. J.|last1=Kliore|first2=I. R.|last2=Patel|first3=A. F.|last3=Nagy|first4=T. E.|last4=Cravens|first5=T. I.|last5=Gombosi|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=99–102|pmid=17778916|bibcode=1979Sci...205...99K|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.99|s2cid=10322619}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748530|title=Empirical Models of the Electron Temperature and Density in the Nightside Venus Ionosphere|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/102|first1=L. H.|last1=Brace|first2=R. F.|last2=Theis|first3=H. B.|last3=Niemann|first4=H. G.|last4=Mayr|first5=W. R.|last5=Hoegy|first6=A. F.|last6=Nagy|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=102–105|bibcode=1979Sci...205..102B|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.102|pmid=17778917|s2cid=25337442}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748531|title=Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day- and Nightside Venus Ionosphere|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/105|first1=W. C.|last1=Knudsen|first2=K.|last2=Spenner|first3=R. C.|last3=Whitten|first4=J. R.|last4=Spreiter|first5=K. L.|last5=Miller|first6=V.|last6=Novak|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=105–107|bibcode=1979Sci...205..105K|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.105|pmid=17778918|s2cid=26084728}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748532|title=Comparison of Calculated and Measured Ion Densities on the Dayside of Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/107|first1=A. F.|last1=Nagy|first2=T. E.|last2=Cravens|first3=R. H.|last3=Chen|first4=H. A.|last4=Taylor|first5=L. H.|last5=Brace|first6=H. C.|last6=Brinton|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=107–109|bibcode=1979Sci...205..107N|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.107|pmid=17778919|s2cid=28832064}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748533|title=Venus Ionosphere: Photochemical and Thermal Diffusion Control of Ion Composition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/109|first1=Siegfried J.|last1=Bauer|first2=Thomas M.|last2=Donahue|first3=Richard E.|last3=Hartle|first4=Harry A.|last4=Taylor|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=109–112|bibcode=1979Sci...205..109B|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.109|pmid=17778920|s2cid=32579568}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748534|title=Absorption of Whistler Mode Waves in the Ionosphere of Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/112|first1=W. W. L.|last1=Taylor|first2=F. L.|last2=Scarf|first3=C. T.|last3=Russell|first4=L. H.|last4=Brace|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=112–114|bibcode=1979Sci...205..112T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.112|pmid=17778921|s2cid=45428203}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748535|title=Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Nightside Observations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/114|first1=C. T.|last1=Russell|first2=R. C.|last2=Elphic|first3=J. A.|last3=Slavin|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=114–116|bibcode=1979Sci...205..114R|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.114|pmid=17778922|s2cid=24494352}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748536|title=Electron Observations and Ion Flows from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Experiment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/116|first1=D. S.|last1=Intriligator|first2=H. R.|last2=Collard|first3=J. D.|last3=Mihalov|first4=R. C.|last4=Whitten|first5=J. H.|last5=Wolfe|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=116–119|bibcode=1979Sci...205..116I|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.116|pmid=17778923|s2cid=42935022}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748537|title=Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/119|first1=W. D.|last1=Evans|first2=J. P.|last2=Glore|first3=R. W.|last3=Klebesadel|first4=J. G.|last4=Laros|first5=E. R.|last5=Tech|first6=R. E.|last6=Spalding|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=119–121|bibcode=1979Sci...205..119E|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.119|pmid=17778924|s2cid=38916824}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748508|title=Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/41|first=T. M.|last=Donahue|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=41–44|bibcode=1979Sci...205...41D|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.41|pmid=17778895|s2cid=1600807}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748509|title=Encounter with Venus: An Update|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/44|first=Lawrence|last=Colin|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=44–46|bibcode=1979Sci...205...44C|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.44|pmid=17778896|s2cid=26297893}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748510|title=Thermal Contrast in the Atmosphere of Venus: Initial Appraisal from Pioneer Venus Probe Data|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/46|first1=Alvin|last1=Seiff|first2=Donn B.|last2=Kirk|first3=Richard E.|last3=Young|first4=Simon C.|last4=Sommer|first5=Robert C.|last5=Blanchard|first6=John T.|last6=Findlay|first7=G. M.|last7=Kelly|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=46–49|bibcode=1979Sci...205...46S|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.46|pmid=17778897|s2cid=24774892}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748511|title=Composition and Structure of the Venus Atmosphere: Results from Pioneer Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/49|first1=J. H.|last1=Hoffman|first2=R. R.|last2=Hodges|first3=M. B.|last3=McElroy|first4=T. M.|last4=Donahue|first5=M.|last5=Kolpin|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=49–52|pmid=17778898|bibcode=1979Sci...205...49H|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.49|s2cid=20713222}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748512|title=Laboratory Corroboration of the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph Analyses|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/52|first1=V. I.|last1=Oyama|first2=G. C.|last2=Carle|first3=F.|last3=Woeller|first4=J. B.|last4=Pollack|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=52–54|bibcode=1979Sci...205...52O|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.52|pmid=17778899|s2cid=40293580}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748513|title=Venus Upper Atmosphere Neutral Gas Composition: First Observations of the Diurnal Variations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/54|first1=H. B.|last1=Niemann|first2=R. E.|last2=Hartle|first3=A. E.|last3=Hedin|first4=W. T.|last4=Kasprzak|first5=N. W.|last5=Spencer|first6=D. M.|last6=Hunten|first7=G. R.|last7=Carignan|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=54–56|bibcode=1979Sci...205...54N|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.54|pmid=17778900|s2cid=21839920}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748514|title=Implications of the Gas Compositional Measurements of Pioneer Venus for the Origin of Planetary Atmospheres|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/56|first1=James B.|last1=Pollack|first2=David C.|last2=Black|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=56–59|bibcode=1979Sci...205...56P|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.56|pmid=17778901|s2cid=13281057}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748515|title=Ultraviolet Night Airglow of Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/59|first1=A. Ian|last1=Stewart|first2=Charles A.|last2=Barth|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=59–62|pmid=17778902|bibcode=1979Sci...205...59S|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.59|s2cid=12841902}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748516|title=Short-Term Cyclic Variations and Diurnal Variations of the Venus Upper Atmosphere|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/62|first1=G. M.|last1=Keating|first2=F. W.|last2=Taylor|first3=J. Y.|last3=Nicholson|first4=E. W.|last4=Hinson|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=62–64|bibcode=1979Sci...205...62K|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.62|pmid=17778903|s2cid=23057356}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748517|title=Temperature, Cloud Structure, and Dynamics of Venus Middle Atmosphere by Infrared Remote Sensing from Pioneer Orbiter|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/65|first1=F. W.|last1=Taylor|first2=D. J.|last2=Diner|first3=L. S.|last3=Elson|first4=D. J.|last4=McCleese|first5=J. V.|last5=Martonchik|first6=J.|last6=Delderfield|first7=S. P.|last7=Bradley|first8=J. T.|last8=Schofield|first9=J. C.|last9=Gille|first10=M. T.|last10=Coffey|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=65–67|bibcode=1979Sci...205...65T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.65|pmid=17778904|s2cid=2023608}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748518|title=Further Results of the Pioneer Venus Nephelometer Experiment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/67|first1=Jacques|last1=Blamont|first2=Boris|last2=Ragent|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=67–70|pmid=17778905|bibcode=1979Sci...205...67B|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.67|s2cid=19155512}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748519|title=Clouds of Venus: A Preliminary Assessment of Microstructure|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/70|first1=Robert G.|last1=Knollenberg|first2=D. M.|last2=Hunten|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=70–74|bibcode=1979Sci...205...70K|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.70|pmid=17778906|s2cid=36125836}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748520|title=Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter|first1=L. D.|last1=Travis|first2=D. L.|last2=Coffeen|first3=A. D.|last3=Del Genio|first4=J. E.|last4=Hansen|first5=K.|last5=Kawabata|first6=A. A.|last6=Lacis|first7=W. A.|last7=Lane|first8=S. S.|last8=Limaye|first9=W. B.|last9=Rossow|first10=P. H.|last10=Stone|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=74–76|bibcode=1979Sci...205...74T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.74|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0b9e1a65bb884843143c2207560cba498a0bf13c|pmid=17778907|s2cid=43906539}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748521|title=Nature of the Ultraviolet Absorber in the Venus Clouds: Inferences Based on Pioneer Venus Data|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/76|first1=James B.|last1=Pollack|first2=Boris|last2=Ragent|first3=Robert|last3=Boese|first4=Martin G.|last4=Tomasko|first5=Jacques|last5=Blamont|first6=Robert G.|last6=Knollenberg|first7=Larry W.|last7=Esposito|first8=A. Ian|last8=Stewart|first9=Lawrence|last9=Travis|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=76–79|bibcode=1979Sci...205...76P|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.76|pmid=17778908|s2cid=28250903}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748522|title=Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/80|first1=Martin G.|last1=Tomasko|first2=Lyn R.|last2=Doose|first3=Peter H.|last3=Smith|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=80–82|bibcode=1979Sci...205...80T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.80|pmid=17778909|hdl=2060/19830010359|s2cid=35649934|hdl-access=free}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748523|title=Preliminary Results of the Pioneer Venus Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer Experiment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/82|first1=V. E.|last1=Suomi|first2=L. A.|last2=Sromovsky|first3=H. E.|last3=Revercomb|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=82–85|bibcode=1979Sci...205...82S|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.82|pmid=17778910|s2cid=22181310}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748524|title=Venus Winds Are Zonal and Retrograde Below the Clouds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/85|first1=C. C.|last1=Counselman|first2=S. A.|last2=Gourevitch|first3=R. W.|last3=King|first4=G. B.|last4=Loriot|first5=R. G.|last5=Prinn|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=85–87|bibcode=1979Sci...205...85C|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.85|pmid=17778911|s2cid=39737494}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748525|title=Measurements of Turbulence in the Venus Atmosphere Deduced from Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Radio Scintillations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/87|first1=Richard|last1=Woo|first2=J. W.|last2=Armstrong|first3=William B.|last3=Kendall|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=87–89|bibcode=1979Sci...205...87W|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.87|pmid=17778912|s2cid=10233431}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748526|title=Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/90|first1=Gordon H.|last1=Pettengill|first2=Peter G.|last2=Ford|first3=Walter E.|last3=Brown|first4=William M.|last4=Kaula|first5=Harold|last5=Masursky|first6=Eric|last6=Eliason|first7=George E.|last7=McGill|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=90–93|bibcode=1979Sci...205...90P|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.90|pmid=17778913|s2cid=12582229}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748527|title=Gravity Field of Venus: A Preliminary Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/93|first1=Roger J.|last1=Phillips|first2=William L.|last2=Sjogren|first3=Elsa A.|last3=Abbott|first4=John C.|last4=Smith|first5=Ray N.|last5=Wimberly|first6=Cari A.|last6=Wagner|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=93–96|bibcode=1979Sci...205...93P|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.93|pmid=17778914|s2cid=21557337}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748528|title=Ionosphere of Venus: First Observations of Day-Night Variations of the Ion Composition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/96|first1=Harry A.|last1=Taylor|first2=Henry C.|last2=Brinton|first3=Siegfried J.|last3=Bauer|first4=Richard E.|last4=Hartle|first5=Paul A.|last5=Cloutier|first6=Robert E.|last6=Daniell|first7=Thomas M.|last7=Donahue|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=96–99|bibcode=1979Sci...205...96T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.96|pmid=17778915|s2cid=11269827}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748529|title=Initial Observations of the Nightside Ionosphere of Venus from Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radio Occultations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/99|first1=A. J.|last1=Kliore|first2=I. R.|last2=Patel|first3=A. F.|last3=Nagy|first4=T. E.|last4=Cravens|first5=T. I.|last5=Gombosi|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=99–102|pmid=17778916|bibcode=1979Sci...205...99K|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.99|s2cid=10322619}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748530|title=Empirical Models of the Electron Temperature and Density in the Nightside Venus Ionosphere|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/102|first1=L. H.|last1=Brace|first2=R. F.|last2=Theis|first3=H. B.|last3=Niemann|first4=H. G.|last4=Mayr|first5=W. R.|last5=Hoegy|first6=A. F.|last6=Nagy|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=102–105|bibcode=1979Sci...205..102B|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.102|pmid=17778917|s2cid=25337442}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748531|title=Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day- and Nightside Venus Ionosphere|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/105|first1=W. C.|last1=Knudsen|first2=K.|last2=Spenner|first3=R. C.|last3=Whitten|first4=J. R.|last4=Spreiter|first5=K. L.|last5=Miller|first6=V.|last6=Novak|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=105–107|bibcode=1979Sci...205..105K|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.105|pmid=17778918|s2cid=26084728}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748532|title=Comparison of Calculated and Measured Ion Densities on the Dayside of Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/107|first1=A. F.|last1=Nagy|first2=T. E.|last2=Cravens|first3=R. H.|last3=Chen|first4=H. A.|last4=Taylor|first5=L. H.|last5=Brace|first6=H. C.|last6=Brinton|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=107–109|bibcode=1979Sci...205..107N|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.107|pmid=17778919|s2cid=28832064}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748533|title=Venus Ionosphere: Photochemical and Thermal Diffusion Control of Ion Composition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/109|first1=Siegfried J.|last1=Bauer|first2=Thomas M.|last2=Donahue|first3=Richard E.|last3=Hartle|first4=Harry A.|last4=Taylor|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=109–112|bibcode=1979Sci...205..109B|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.109|pmid=17778920|s2cid=32579568}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748534|title=Absorption of Whistler Mode Waves in the Ionosphere of Venus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/112|first1=W. W. L.|last1=Taylor|first2=F. L.|last2=Scarf|first3=C. T.|last3=Russell|first4=L. H.|last4=Brace|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=112–114|bibcode=1979Sci...205..112T|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.112|pmid=17778921|s2cid=45428203}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748535|title=Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Nightside Observations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/114|first1=C. T.|last1=Russell|first2=R. C.|last2=Elphic|first3=J. A.|last3=Slavin|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=114–116|bibcode=1979Sci...205..114R|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.114|pmid=17778922|s2cid=24494352}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748536|title=Electron Observations and Ion Flows from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Experiment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/116|first1=D. S.|last1=Intriligator|first2=H. R.|last2=Collard|first3=J. D.|last3=Mihalov|first4=R. C.|last4=Whitten|first5=J. H.|last5=Wolfe|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=116–119|bibcode=1979Sci...205..116I|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.116|pmid=17778923|s2cid=42935022}}

* {{cite journal|jstor=1748537|title=Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1979-07-06_205_4401/page/119|first1=W. D.|last1=Evans|first2=J. P.|last2=Glore|first3=R. W.|last3=Klebesadel|first4=J. G.|last4=Laros|first5=E. R.|last5=Tech|first6=R. E.|last6=Spalding|date=6 July 1979|journal=Science|volume=205|issue=4401|pages=119–121|bibcode=1979Sci...205..119E|doi=10.1126/science.205.4401.119|pmid=17778924|s2cid=38916824}}