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{{Short description|Queen of Castile and claimant to the Portuguese throne (1373–c.1420)}}
{{For|others with this name|Beatrice of Portugal (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox royalty
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| moretext1 = (disputed)
| reign1 = 1383–1385<ref name="until13851">
{{cite book|title=Women and Wealth in Late Medieval Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YXGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 |page=221|isbn=978-0230106017|year=2010| last1=Earenfight | first1=T. | publisher=Springer |quote=Beatriz Queen 1383-1385}}</ref><ref name="until13852">{{
| cor-type1 = Abdication
| coronation1 =
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| burial_date =
| burial_place = Monastery of Sancti Spiritus, [[Toro, Zamora|Toro]], [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[John I of Castile]]|1383|1390|end=died}}
| consort = <!-- yes or no -->
| house = [[Portuguese House of Burgundy|Burgundy]]
| father = [[Ferdinand I of Portugal]]
| mother = [[Leonor Teles]]
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}}
'''Beatrice''' ({{
During her early years, Beatrice was a pawn in the changing politics of foreign alliances of her father, who negotiated successive marriages for her. She would eventually marry King [[John I of Castile]], by whom Beatrice became Queen consort of Castile. At the death of her father, Beatrice was proclaimed Queen regnant of Portugal and her mother assumed the regency in her name. Opposition to the regency, fear of the Castilian domination and loss of Portuguese independence<ref>Ayala's Chronicles, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ACcBAAAAMAAJ Madrid's edition 1780, book II], since page 292.</ref> led to a popular rebellion and [[1383–1385 crisis|civil war]]<ref name="Newitt">{{cite book |last=Newitt |date=2004-10-14 |first=M. D. D. |title=A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668 |publisher=Routledge |page=16 |isbn=978-0-415-23979-0 |url={{googlebooks|HDODAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA16|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref> between the late King Ferdinand I's illegitimate brother, [[John I of Portugal|John of Aviz]], who wrested control of the regency from the [[dowager]] queen, and the supporters of Beatrice and her husband, John I of Castile, who claimed the throne of Portugal [[jure uxoris|by right of his wife]]. In 1385, John of Aviz was proclaimed King of Portugal, and the King of Castile was definitively defeated in the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]], effectively ending any prospects for Beatrice and her husband to assert their rights to the Portuguese crown.
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===Early years and betrothals===
Beatrice was born in [[Coimbra]], during the brief siege of the city by Castilian troops during the second [[Fernandine Wars|Fernandine War]] (1372–73). The siege was lifted and King [[Henry II of Castile]] continued to [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] and then [[Lisbon]]. During the siege of Lisbon, Cardinal legate Guido of Bologna obtained an agreement between the Kings of Castile and Portugal, the Peace of Santarém. According to that treaty, King Ferdinand I of Portugal would abandon the ''Petrist'' cause, his claim to dynastic legitimacy that originated after the assassination of King [[Peter of Castile|Peter I of Castile]] in 1369. Two marriages were celebrated between the two royal families to reinforce the peace:<ref>Suárez Fernández 1976, p. 406.</ref> between [[Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque]], brother of Henry, and [[Beatrice, Countess of Alburquerque|Beatrice]], half-sister of Ferdinand, and between [[Alfonso Enríquez, Count of Gijón and Noreña|Alfonso Enríquez]], Henry's natural son, and Ferdinand's illegitimate daughter [[Isabel of Portugal, Lady of Viseu|Isabel]]. In addition, a betrothal was arranged between Beatrice, Ferdinand I of Portugal's newborn daughter, and Fadrique, created Duke of Benavente, another natural son of King Henry II of Castile.<ref>{{cite book
| last= Suárez Fernández
| first= Luis
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| language= portuguese
| isbn= 9728932073
}}</ref>
Fernando I's will of 1378 ratified all agreements concerning Beatrice, adding that in the absence of Beatrice or any descendants, the Portuguese king's half-brothers, the children of [[Inês de Castro]] ([[John, Duke of Valencia de Campos|John]], [[Denis, Lord of Cifuentes|Diniz]] and Beatrice) were disinherited, and the throne of Portugal would
| last= Fernandes
| first= Fatima Regina
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}}</ref> Although John later obtained the royal pardon, he opted to flee to Castile, fearful of the Teles family.<ref>Livermore 1947, p. 171.</ref>
In May 1379 King Henry II of Castile died and his son [[John I of Castile|John I]] succeeded him. Once these events were known in the Portuguese court, negotiations began for the betrothal of Beatrice with the first-born son of the new King, the future [[Henry III of Castile]], in order to counter any aspiration of John of Portugal to the throne with the political and military support of the Castilians.<ref>Olivera Serrano 2005, p. 69.</ref> The 21 May 1380 agreement stipulated that the wedding would be celebrated when the
| last= Martínez Marina
| first= Francisco
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}}</ref>
By July 1380, Ferdinand I had changed his politics by secretly allying himself in the Treaty of Estremoz with King [[Richard II of England]] and the [[John of Gaunt|Duke of Lancaster]], defenders of the ''Petrist'' cause. The King of Portugal abandoned [[Antipope Clement VII]] and swore obedience to [[Pope Urban VI]], while his daughter Beatrice was betrothed to [[Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York|Edward of Norwich]], son of the [[Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York|Earl of Cambridge]] and grandson of King Peter I of Castile. The negotiations for this alliance brought to Portugal a ''Petrist'' exile, Juan Fernández de Andeiro, Count of Ourém, who would later have prominent influence at the Portuguese court. When the Castilian King heard of the agreement thanks to the exiled John of Portugal, he sealed an alliance with France through the Treaty of Vincennes, accepting obedience of his kingdom to the Antipope Clement VII,<ref>O'Callaghan 1983, p. 530.</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last= Álvarez Palenzuela
| first= Vicente Ángel
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| language= spanish
| isbn= 9788434466685
}}</ref> and he undertook the third Fernandine War.<ref>Suárez Fernández 1981, p. 310.</ref> While King Ferdinand I and his counselors were at [[Elvas]] to discuss the war, on 19 July 1382 Queen Leonor Teles gave birth a son
| last= Lopes
| first= Fernão
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| page= 164
| oclc= 79558260
}}</ref> If Beatrice died without surviving children, the crown would pass to other hypothetical sisters, and if there were none it would pass to John I of Castile, and through him to his son Prince Henry, again disinheriting the children of Inês de Castro. The succession of Castile also was stipulated: in case the succession of John and of his two sons failed, the crown would pass to his sister [[Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre|Eleanor]], and if she also died without offspring, the Castilian throne would pass to King Ferdinand I Portugal and his descendants.<ref>Campos 2008, p. 132.</ref> During the preparation of the marriage contract, the King of Castile objected to the dowry assigned to Beatrice and also disagreed that his sons by her had to be raised in Portugal, that Queen Leonor Teles could hold the regency in Portugal, and that the border fortresses had to be in Portuguese hands, but in view that it offered
[[Antipope Benedict XIII|Pedro de Luna]], a pontifical legate for the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Navarre, solemnized the betrothal at Elvas on 14 May 1383,<ref>[[Fernão Lopes]], Chronicle of D. Ferdinand, chapters CLXIV - CLXVII</ref> and the official wedding ceremony took place on 17 May in [[Badajoz Cathedral]]. To ensure compliance with the Treaty, on 21 May a group of Castilian knights and prelates swore to denaturalize from the Kingdom and fight against their monarch if the Castilian King broke the agreements made in the marriage contract, and in the same way a group of Portuguese knights and prelates (among them the Master of Aviz) made the same oath if the Portuguese King broke the treaty with Castile. Later, Beatrice approved in her own name what was agreed at Salvaterra de Magos. Once the wedding took place, she went to live in Castile with her husband. The marriage contract was taken to the Cortes de Santarém of August and September to swear to accept Beatrice and John I of Castile as heirs of Portugal, although these acts were not conserved.<ref name="Cabral"/> For her part, Queen Leonor Teles gave birth on 27 September to a daughter who lived only a few days,<ref>Olivera Serrano 2005, p. 91.</ref> so Beatrice remained the only legitimate child of King Ferdinand I.
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| page= 59
| oclc= 3291907
}}</ref><ref>Schäffer 1840, p. 309.</ref> The regent maintained her clique of Castilian ''Petrists'', which strengthened an opposition faction that demanded that the Council of the regent only included councilors of Portuguese origin.<ref>Campos 2008, pp. 221–222.</ref>
News of the death of the Portuguese King came to John I of Castile and Beatrice in [[Torrijos, Spain|Torrijos]], and they immediately closed the Cortes in [[Segovia]]. The Master of Aviz wrote to the Castilian monarch urging him to take the Portuguese crown that belonged to him through his wife, and that the Master himself be made regent on their behalf.<ref name="Gebhardt140"/><ref name="Busk"/><ref>{{cite book
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| language= spanish
| oclc= 1138806
}}</ref> first-born son of Inês de Castro. The Master of Aviz constituted his own Council in which João das Regras appeared as Chancellor, and requested the aid of England; he also tried to besiege Alenquer, but
John I of Castile acted to control the situation in Portugal, leaving a Council of Regency in Castile consisting of [[Alfonso I, Duke of Gandia|Alfonso of Aragon, Marquis of Villena]], [[Pedro Tenorio (archbishop)|Pedro Tenorio]] ([[Archbishop of Toledo]]) and Pedro González de Mendoza (First ''Mayordomo'' of the King).<ref name="Suárez315">Suárez Fernández 1981, p. 315.</ref><ref>{{cite journal
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| language= spanish
| oclc= 434178927
}}</ref><ref>Gebhardt 1864, p. 141.</ref> such as those of
| last= López de Ayala
| first= Pero
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| language= spanish
| isbn= 9728932073
}}</ref> However, Queen Leonor began to conspire against her son-in-law, and for this she was sent to the [[Royal Convent of Santa Clara|Monastery of Tordesillas]]. This provided the Master of
Although he counted on the support of the majority of the Portuguese aristocracy,<ref name="Newitt"/><ref name="O'Callaghan532"/><ref>{{cite book
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}}</ref> King John I couldn't repeat the Castilian triumphs of the Fernandine Wars and failed before Coimbra and Lisbon. On 3 September 1384 he left garrisons in the cities of his supporters, returned to Castile and asked for help to the King of France. Beatrice also left Portugal for what turned out to be the last time. Meanwhile, the Master of Aviz attempted to seize loyal cities from his adversaries, and although he took Almada and Alenquer, he failed in Sintra, Torres-Novas and Torres Vedras.<ref>Gebhardt 1864, p. 142.</ref> He then went to Coimbra, where he had summoned Cortes for March 1385. There, Beatrice was declared illegitimate because the marriage of her parents was considered invalid, and on 6 April they proclaimed the Master of Aviz as King [[John I of Portugal]]. After the Cortes, the new sovereign undertook a campaign to control the north of the Kingdom, and thus obtained Viana do Castelo, Braga and Guimarães.<ref>Suárez Fernández 1976, p. 429.</ref> John I of Castile again entered Portugal, this time via Ciudad Rodrigo and Celorico, but his army's defeats at Trancoso and [[Battle of Aljubarrota|Aljubarrota]] in May and August 1385 represented the end of any chance to impose himself as King of Portugal.
At Aljubarrota the Castilian disaster was absolute: the King fled to Santarém and from there he descended through the [[Tagus]] river until he met his fleet around Lisbon,<ref>Gebhardt 1864, p. 143.</ref> and in September, the Castilian fleet returned to Castile. John I of Portugal then gained control of the cities that were still opposed to him.
| last= Suárez Fernández
| first= Luis
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| language= spanish
| issn= 0210-7716
}}</ref> that provided for the economic maintenance of the household of the now-Dowager Queen Beatrice, on which depended the Portuguese exiles who had followed her to Castile. The testament also made reference to the doctrinal part of the inheritance rights, but there is disagreement over their intent. Olivera Serrano indicates that John I recognized his wife Beatrice as the legitimate queen of Portugal, and as she died without legitimate descendants, the rights would be passed to Henry III, according to the terms of the Treaty of Salvaterra de Magos in 1383, while the mention of Papal arbitration was merely to dictate and ratify that the rights of succession over Portugal would indeed belong to Henry III after Beatrice's death.<ref>Olivera Serrano 2005, pp. 115–117.</ref> Oliveira Martins indicates that the Pope had to decide who should be the ruler of Portugal after the death of the Castilian King, whether it should pass to Beatrice or to her stepson Henry III.<ref>{{cite book
| last= Oliveira Martins
| first= Joaquim Pedro
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During the reign of Henry III there was a greater Portuguese exodus to Castile, the common factor of which was the rejection of the House of Aviz, and the Castilian King granted the exiles some compensation for their losses in Portugal. These exiles would reject good relations between the Kingdom of Castile and the House of Aviz,<ref>Olivera Serrano 2005, p. 234.</ref> and also tended to maintain networks of kinship consistent with their allegiances, and thus the exiled adherents of Beatrice settled in cities where the Dowager Queen had influence, like [[Toro, Zamora|Toro]] or [[Valladolid]].
John I of Portugal reinitiated warfare between 1396 and 1399 to force favorable clauses in a peace treaty, but his results weren't what he expected. In the negotiations that culminated in the truce of 1402, the Castilians persisted in maintaining the rights of Beatrice and proposed a marriage between her and Afonso, first-born son of John I of Portugal, but this union was rejected
The death of Henry III in 1406 marked a new direction in the relations with Portugal. While the life of Beatrice in Castile didn't change since the testament of the King indicated that the provisions made by his father for her should be respected, the government of the Castilian kingdom was now in the hands of a co-regency in the name of the infant King [[John II of Castile|John II]] between his mother, Catherine of
The death of King [[Martin of Aragon]] in 1410 and Ferdinand's aspirations to the Aragonese throne made him more conciliatory toward Portugal. Ferdinand still maintained the superiority and legitimacy of his family's dynastic rights, but in the negotiations that developed into the provisional treaty of 1411,<ref>{{cite book
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}}</ref> The death of King Ferdinand I of Aragon in 1416 and the deposition of [[Antipope Benedict XIII]] in 1417, eliminated the only remaining support that Beatrice retained.
The power struggle in Castile between [[Álvaro de Luna]] and the [[Infantes of Aragon]], brothers of King [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], made Portugal a factor in support of the Infantes of Aragon, so Álvaro de Luna tried to eliminate this with a lasting peace. The [[Treaty of Medina del Campo (1431)|Treaty of Medina del Campo]] of 30 October 1431 established that the rights of Beatrice died with her, and King John II renounced any rights that may have fallen to him through the kinship between Ferdinand I of Portugal and John I of Castile. In addition, the Castilian king accepted the House of Aviz as part of his family by virtue of the kinship between Catherine of
===Life in Castile===
In 1376, when Beatrice was sworn heiress to Portugal in the Cortes de Leiria, she received a patrimony for the maintenance of her own household, though it was controlled by her mother.
As Queen consort of Castile, she maintained her household, in which Juan Rodríguez Portocarrero served as First ''Mayordomo'', and her Chancellor was the Bishop of Guarda, Afonso Correia, who would be succeeded by the lawyer Vicente Arias de Balboa.
Her marriage with John I of Castile was childless, although a son called Miguel is mentioned in several genealogies of the 17th and 18th centuries and even in some modern history books,<ref name=olivera>Olivera Serrano, 2005, p. 42, 354 (footnote 2), 397 (footnote 111).</ref><ref>For genealogies including Miguel, see: ''Die Könige von Kastilien und León IV, 1369–1504 a.d.H. Trastamara des Stammes Burgund-Ivrea'', In: Detlev Schwennicke (Hrsg.): ''[[Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten]], Neue Folge, Band II, Die außerdeutschen Staaten, Die regierenden Häuser der übrigen Staaten Europas'', Tafel 65, Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, Marburg/Berlin, 1984, page 65.</ref> probably representing confusion with [[Miguel da Paz]], the grandson of the [[Catholic Monarchs]].<ref name=olivera/> From 1390 Beatrice, now an
In 1419 Beatrice sent Juan González de Sevilla, professor of the [[University of Salamanca]] and later Bishop of [[Cádiz]], to appeal to Pope Martin V asking for the type of permissions usually granted to a person preparing to die. No documentary evidence of her death has survived, but her properties were dispersed, granted to the constable Álvaro de Luna from 1420, and in June 1420 Toro appears to have reverted to the Crown.<ref>Olivera Serrano 2005, p. 173.</ref> Juan González de Sevilla, who was in charge of representing Beatrice as her ambassador before the pope, stopped referring to himself in this manner from April 1420.{{sfn|Olivera Serrano|2005|p=392}} In April 1423 a new truce with Portugal was agreed upon that discussed the inheritance and succession of Beatrice, which suggests she had already died.<ref>Olivera Serrano 2005, p. 176.</ref>
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===Status as monarch===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Beatrice of Portugal.svg|thumb|150px|Coat of arms of Beatrice of Portugal.]]
There has been some actual debate as to whether Beatrice should be counted as a monarch or not.<ref>David Williamson, «Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe», 1988, Webb & Bower, Exeter, {{ISBN|0-86350-194-X}}; César Olivera Serrano, [http://www.google.pt/search?hl=pt-PT&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Apt-PT%3Aofficial&channel=s&q=%22Segunda+Maqueta+Beatriz+Portugal.pmd%22&btnG=Pesquisar&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai= «Beatriz de Portugal»]</ref> In recent decades, a historiographical current of Spanish and Portuguese authors defend that she was titular Queen of Portugal between 22 October and the middle of December 1383.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?
The Portuguese rebellion was not the only challenge to her accession, she also faced competing claims of her own husband. Many Portuguese nobles of the pro-Castillian faction also recognized her husband, King John I of Castile, as their ''[[jure uxoris]]'' monarch, rendering him vassalage and obedience, as, for example, did Lopo Gomes de Lira in [[Minho Province|Minho]].<ref>[[Fernão Lopes]], Chronicle of Jonh I, [http://purl.pt/416/1/hg-17355-p_vol1/hg-17355-p_vol1_item1/P235.html vol. I, p. 193]</ref> As can be read in his 21 July 1385 testament written at [[Celorico da Beira]], John identified himself as the king of Portugal and possible effective owner of the kingdom, saying that if he predeceased his wife, the [[Antipope Clement VII|Pope]] should decide whether Beatrice or his son (her stepson) [[Henry III of Castile|Henry]] should be the sovereign of Portugal.<ref>Oliveira Martins, portuguese historian of the nineteenth century, «The life of Nun' Alvares», page 261, 2009, Guimarães Editores, SA, {{ISBN|978-972-665-570-1}}</ref>
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|9= 9. [[Beatrice of Castile (1293–1359)|Beatrice of Castile]]
|10= 10. [[Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena]]
|11= 11. [[Constance of Aragon, Princess of Villena|Constance of Aragon]]
|12= 12. Afonso Telles de Meneses, o Raposo
|13= 13. Berengária Lourenço de Valadares
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| year= 1976
| volume= 1
| language
| isbn= 9788432118821
}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book
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| publisher= Ediciones Rialp
| year= 1981
| language
| isbn= 9788432121005
}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{S-start}}
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{{Portuguese infantas}}
{{House of Burgundy-Portugal}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:15th-century Portuguese people]]
[[Category:15th-century Portuguese women]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Galician queens consort]]
[[Category:House of Burgundy-Portugal]]
[[Category:House of Trastámara]]
[[Category:
[[Category:People from Coimbra]]
[[Category:People of the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum]]
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[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Wives of knights]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Heirs presumptive]]
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