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{{Short description|Italian Catholic saint (c. 1181–1226)}}
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{{About|the friar and patron saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
| name = Francis of
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]]
| image = Philip Fruytiers - St. Francis of Assisi.jpg
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[[File:S.Francesco_speco.jpg|thumb|The oldest surviving depiction of St. Francis is a [[fresco]] near the entrance of the [[Benedictine]] [[Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco|abbey of Subiaco]], painted between March 1228 and March 1229. He is depicted without the [[stigmata]], but the image is a [[religious image]] and not a portrait.{{sfn|Brooke|2006|pp=161–162}}]]
'''Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone'''<!--This name goes first per [[MOS:PSEUDONYM]]; discuss--> ({{circa}} 1181 – 3 October 1226), known as '''Francis of Assisi''',{{Efn|His mother was French and that may be why he was known as Francesco (Francis), a name with the possible meaning "Frenchman".}} was an Italian
One of the most venerated figures in Christianity,{{sfn|Delio|2013}}{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} Francis was canonized by [[Pope Gregory IX]] on 16 July 1228. He is commonly portrayed wearing a brown [[Religious habit|habit]] with a rope tied around his waist, featuring three knots symbolizing the three Franciscan vows of [[poverty]], [[chastity]], and [[Vow of obedience|obedience]].
In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the sultan [[al-Kamil]] and put an end to the conflict of the [[Fifth Crusade]].{{sfn|Tolan|2009|p=}} In 1223, he arranged for the first live [[nativity scene]] as part of the annual [[Christmas]] celebration in [[Greccio]].{{efn|name=Nativity}}<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Christmas|volume= 3 |last= Martindale |first= C. C. |author-link= C. C. Martindale |short=1}}</ref><ref name="cefa">{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Francis of Assisi|volume= 6 |last= Robinson |first= Paschal |author-link= Paschal Robinson|short=1}}</ref> According to Christian tradition, in 1224 Francis received the [[stigmata]] during the [[Vision (spirituality)|apparition]] of a [[Seraph]]ic angel in a [[religious ecstasy]].<ref name="ODCC Francis" />
Francis is associated with patronage of animals and the [[natural environment|environment]]. It became customary for churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals on his [[feast day]] of the fourth of October, which became [[World Animal Day]]. He was noted for his devotion to the [[Eucharist]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Francis of Assisi – Franciscan Friars of the Renewal |url=http://franciscanfriars.com/vocations/stfrancis/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215105319/http://franciscanfriars.com/vocations/stfrancis/ |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=24 October 2012 |publisher=Franciscanfriars.com}}</ref> Along with [[Saint Catherine of Siena|Catherine of Siena]], he was designated [[patron saint]] of Italy. He is also the namesake of the city of [[San Francisco]].
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== Names ==
Francis ({{
== Biography ==
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Francis of Assisi was born {{Circa|1181}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Francis of Assisi |url=https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4829 |access-date=22 Sep 2023 |website=Catholic Online}}</ref><ref name="dukemag2">{{Cite journal |last=Dagger |first=Jacob |date=November–December 2006 |title=Blessing All Creatures, Great and Small |url=https://alumni.duke.edu/magazine/articles/blessing-all-creatures-great-and-small |journal=Duke Magazine |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> one of the children of an [[Italians|Italian]] father, Pietro di Bernardone dei Moriconi, a prosperous silk merchant, and a French mother, Pica di Bourlemont, about whom little is known except that she was a noblewoman originally from [[Provence]].<ref name="Lives">{{Cite book |last=Englebert |first=Omer |url=https://archive.org/details/livesofsaintshis00omer/page/529 |title=The Lives of the Saints |publisher=Barnes & Noble |year=1951 |isbn=978-1-56619-516-4 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/livesofsaintshis00omer/page/529 529]}}</ref>
Indulged by his parents, Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man.<ref name="ODCC Francis">{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0199566712 |editor-last=Cross |editor-first=F. L. |location=New York |chapter=Francis of Assisi}}</ref> As a youth, Francis became a devotee of [[troubadours]] and was fascinated with all things [[Transalpine]].<ref name="Chesterton" /> He was handsome, witty, gallant, and delighted in fine clothes.
Around 1202, he joined a military expedition against [[Perugia]] and was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada. He spent a year as a captive,<ref name="Bonaventure">{{Cite book |last1=St. Bonaventure |title=The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) |last2=Cardinal Manning |publisher=TAN Books & Publishers |year=1867 |isbn=978-0-89555-343-0 |edition=1988 |location=[[Rockford, Illinois]] |page=190 |author-link=Bonaventure |author-link2=Henry Edward Manning}}</ref> during which an illness caused him to re-evaluate his life. However, upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life. In 1205, Francis left for [[Apulia]] to enlist in the army of [[Walter III, Count of Brienne]]. A strange vision made him return to Assisi and lose interest in worldly life.<ref name="ODCC Francis" /> According to [[Hagiography|hagiographic]] accounts, thereafter he began to avoid the sports and feasts of his former companions. A friend asked him whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered: "Yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen", meaning his "Lady Poverty".<ref name="cefa" />
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File:Statue in Cloisters said to have the cure for toothache. You can see teeth as votive offerings at the foot of the statue!.jpg|Statue in [[Askeaton Abbey]], Ireland, claimed to cure [[toothache]], 14th–15th century
File:Late 15th - Early 16th century depiction of Saint Francis of Assisi, by Tiberio of Assisi.jpg|''St Francis,'' [[Tiberio d'Assisi]], 1470 - 1524
File:El Greco Ecstasy of Saint Francis higher res.jpg|''[[Ecstasy of St. Francis of Assisi]]'', attributed to [[El Greco]].
</gallery>
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Francis of Assisi}}
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