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Line 13: }} '''Nectridea''' is ~~the name of~~ an extinct order of [[lepospondyl]] [[tetrapod]]s from the [[Carboniferous]] and [[Permian]] periods, including animals such as ''[[Diplocaulus]]''. In appearance, they would have resembled modern [[newt]]s or aquatic [[salamander]]s, although they are not close relatives of [[Lissamphibia\|modern amphibians]].<ref name=":0" /> They were characterized by long, flattened tails to aid in swimming, as well as numerous features of the vertebrae. == Description == Line 20: === Vertebrae === In many groups of early tetrapods, each [[vertebra]] is formed by three parts: an intercentrum at the front, a pleurocentrum at the back, and a plate-like neural spine jutting out from the top of the vertebrae which may be positioned between the two or fused to the pleurocentrum. In nectrideans, only the pleurocentra are present, and the neural spines are completely fused to them. Their vertebrae also possess an extra set of joints connecting the vertebrae (apophyses), just above the typical set (zygapophyses). Furthermore, their caudal (tail) vertebrae also possess haemal spines which jut out from the bottom of each vertebra. While most early tetrapods have slanted haemal spines which are positioned between the vertebrae, the haemal spines of nectrideans are completely vertical in orientation and fused to the pleurocentra, directly opposite the neural spines. Both the neural spines and haemal spines of the tail are characteristically fan-shaped. As a whole, nectrideans have rather short bodies and long and paddle-like tails, ~~designed~~adapted for swimming.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title=The rise of amphibians\|last=Carroll\|first=R. L.\|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press\|year=2009}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last=Milner\|first=Andrew R.\|date=1993\|title=The Paleozoic Relatives of Lissamphibians\|jstor=1466948\|journal=Herpetological Monographs\|volume=7\|pages=8–27\|doi=10.2307/1466948}}</ref> === Other features === Line 38: The following is a cladogram from the Ruta ''et al.'' (2003): {{Barlabel\|size=1211\|at1=910.5\|label1="Nectridea"\|colour1=black\|style=font-size:100%;line-height:85% \|cladogram= {{clade ~~{{clade\| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%~~ \|label1=[[Lepospondyli]] \|1={{~~cladex~~clade \|1={{~~cladex~~clade \|1=''[[Batropetes fritschi]]'' \|2=[[Tuditanomorpha]]}} \|2={{~~cladex~~clade \|1={{~~cladex~~clade \|1=''[[Microbrachis pelikani]]'' \|2={{~~cladex~~clade \|1=''[[Hyloplesion longicostatum]]'' \|2=''[[Odonterpeton triangulare]]''}} }} \|2={{~~cladex~~clade \|1=[[Lysorophia]] \|2={{~~cladex~~clade \|1=[[Adelospondyli]] \|label2=[[Holospondyli]] \|2={{~~cladex~~clade \|1={{~~cladex~~clade \|1=[[~~Scincosauridae~~Aistopoda]] ~~\|barbegin1=black~~ \|2=[[~~Diplocaulidae~~Urocordylidae]] \|~~bar2~~barbegin2=black}} ~~\|2={{cladex~~ }} \|12=~~[[Urocordylidae]] \|barend1=black~~{{clade \|21=[[~~Aistopoda~~Diplocaulidae]] \|bar1=black \|2=[[Scincosauridae]] \|barend2=black ~~}} }} }} }} }} }} }}~~ }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} Line 80 ⟶ 87: ==External links== *[http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/amphibia/lepospondyli/nectridae.html Nectridae Phylogeny.] {{Tetrapodomorpha\|St.}} {{~~Lepospondyli~~Nectridea\|H.}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q135007}} [[Category:~~Holospondyls~~Nectrideans\| ]] [[Category:Pennsylvanian first appearances]] [[Category:Permian extinctions]] [[Category:Tetrapodomorph orders]]